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* THENARD. 194 THEODOLITE. ihcorique et pratique, which passed through sev- eral editions, and, jointly with Gay-Lussae, two volumes of Hecherches pJiysico-chimiques (1811). THE'OBALD I. King of Navarre. See Tiii- BAUT I. THEOBALD, Lewis (16881744). A Shake- spearean editor, born at Sittingbourne, in Kent. Though educated for the law, he early turned to literature. He wrote and adapted plays, and made translations from Sophocles, Aristophanes, and other Greek authors. In 1725 Pope published an edition of Sluikespeare, work for which he was ill equipped. Theobald sharp- ly reviewed it in a volume entitled Shakespeare h'esiored (1726). Pope retaliated by making Theobald the first hero of the Dunciad (1728). Early in 1734 Theobald brought out his own edi- tion of Shakespeare in seven volumes. At the time of his death Theobald was at work on an edition of Beaumont and Fletcher, which ap- peared si.x years later. Theobald's original prose and verse is of little account, l)ut as a textual critic he possessed rare insight. His one aim was to divine, in a corrupt passage, what Shake- speare wrote, and he made over 300 corrections, which have been generally adopted. Consult Col- lins. Essays and Studies (Londou, 1895). See Pope. Alexander; Dunciad. THEOBBOMINE ( from Neo-Lat. Theobroma, from Gk. Stds, theos, god + ^pwMo. broma, food ), CjHsNjOj. An organic substance chemi- cally allied to uric acid and still more closely related to caffeine (tbeine). It is found in con- siderable quantities in chocolate and may be ex- tracted from cacao-nuts. It may also be obtained from the lead salts of xanthinhy the action of methyl-iodide. Theobromine is a white crystal- line substance sparingly soluble in water and forming crystalline compounds with both acids and bases. Among the compounds of theobromine may be mentioned theobromine-sodio-salicylate, a substance obtained by mixing sodium salicylate with sodium-theobromine, and used in medicine under the name of diiirciin. Diuretin acts as a diuretic without having any action upon the heart. THEOC'RITTJS (Lat.. from Gk. Gei/cpiros, Thcokrifos) (c.310-c.245 B.C.). The first and greatest of the Greek bucolic poets. The details of his life are not clearly known. He was com- monly reckoned a Syracusan, although there is reason to believe that Cos may have been his birthplace. In any case, he spent considerable time in that island and Eastern Greece, where he was acquainted with the elegiac poet Philetas and the writer of epigrams Asclepiades, whom tra- dition makes his teachers, and also with the physician Nicias of Miletus and the poet Aratus- of Soli. He spent some time at the Court of Ptolemy Philadelphus in Alexandria and also at the Court of Hiero II. at Syracuse ; but the ex- act dates for these periods cannot be determined, as the chronological order of his poems is uncer- tain. He appears to have returned later to Eastern Greece, where he met his death. We have current under his name 31 poems and a number of epigrams. Of the longer poems 10 are bucolic, three are mimes in imitation of the mimes of Sophron and very similar to the recently discov- ered mimes of Herondas. and the other poems are of varying subjects and character, while a few are spurious. Theocritus displayed marvelous power in uniting artistic and popular elements in liis verse in a way whidi has never been equaled by his followers and imitators. His lan- guage i.s, for the most part, a modified Doric; two poems are in the literary .Eolic. In spite of the fact that Theocritus lived in an artificial pe- riod when scholarship rather than poetic genius flourished, there is still in his work a simplicity, a fidelity, and a love of nature that has given him universal fame. His dramatic and mimetic power w'as great, so that his peasants, shepherds, reapers, and fishermen have a real existence and are not merely literary creations, as the char- acters of all his imitators have been. He was imitated by Bion and Moschus among the Greeks, and by Vergil most successfully among the Ro- mans. Important editions are by Ahrens (2 vols., Leipzig, 1855), and especially by Ziegler (Tu- bingen, 1879). The best edition with commen- tary is by Fritzsche-Hiller (Leipzig. 1881). There are English editions by Snow (London. 1885) and by Cholmeley (ib.', 1901); English translations by Calverley (2d ed., Cambridge, 1869) in verse, and by Andrew Lang (New York, 1880) in prose. Consult also Legrand, Etude siir Theocritc (Paris, 1898). THEODICY (from Gk. 0e6s. theos. god + SIkii, rfi'At", justice) . The exposition of the theory of divine providence, and particularly the defense of the goodness and wisdom of God against ob- jections drawn from the existence of pain and sin in the world. The problem is as old as human thinking; the name is modern and dates from the close of the seventeenth centui'y. The first to consider the question in its entire scope was Leibnitz (q.v. ) in his Essais fZ<' thfodicie (1710). In England a long list of publications has ap- peared, principally in reply to the sensational school beginning with Hume and closing with .1. S. Mill, who could scarcely maintain the exist- ence of God, and saved His benevolence only at the expense of His onmipotence. In America, where Jonathan Edwards made contributions to the dis- cussion in his famous Freedom of the Will (1754), and was followed by Bellamy, Wisdom of God in the Permission of Sin (1758) ; Hopkins, .S'iii Throu(]h the Divine Interposition an Advan- tage to the Universe (1759) ; and many others, down to N. W. Taylor, whose contribution to the subject may be condensed in the hypothesis that in the best moral system a benevolent C!od might not be able to prevent sin consistently with the maintenance of the system and the attainment of the highest results therefrom. He thus gave a place to the human will which no theologian of orthodox descent had previously given. Since the appearance of Hegel, the Christian idea of God has met with new objections, and theodicy has been enlarged to consider these, especially by Maret and Gratry in France. The appearance of pessimism in Germany has given a new turn to the argument, since it is no longer possible to assume as undisputed the principle of Leibnitz, that God has chosen the best possible world. And with the appearance of evolution and the Spen- cerian agnosticism, the argument has ttirned to the more fundamental matters; so that theodicy has almost disappeared as a distinct department of tlirnlog^'. THEODOLITE (of uncertain etymology; perliaps from Gk. eeacdai. theasthai, to see -|-