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* TEXTUAL CRITICISM. 177 THACKERAY. 89, 4, where the copyist senselessly divided quid amet of his original into quidam ct. Madvig, l)v a stroke of (he pen, first restored the correct quid amet. While Alcuin's efforts to restore l-atin orthography were for the most part bene- licial, they also led to certain errors, mostly due to the svibstitution of a familiar for an un- familiar word, e.g. fncilc for facctc, etc. Re- naissance scholars of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries not only 'corrected' passages, but also tilled out lacuna', supplied missing scenes, etc. (0) Errors Due to the Confusiori of Letters and Contriwtions. These mistakes are few in capital and uncial writing, but in minuscule writing the possibilities of the confusion of let- ters are nuich greater, and the use of contrac- tions constantly increased with the centuries. A treatment of the siibject is impossible here, as it belongs to paleography (q.v.). Bibliography. For a bibliography of the text criticism of the Bil)le. see articles on Biblic.l Criticism, New Testament, etc. On the text criticism of classical authors, consult Boeckh, Enci/klopddie vnd Methodologie dcr philolo- gischcn Wisscnschaften (2d ed., Leipzig, 1886) ; Madvig, Adversaria Critira (1870); Cobot, Variw Lcctioncs (1873) ; Blass in vol. ii. of Von JIueller's Handbiich der klassischen Altertums- trissciischaft (2d ed. 1892) ; Lindsay. Introduc- tion to Latin Textual Emendation (189G); and the best critical editions of the separate authors. Such works as Skeat's edition of Chaucer and Furness's variorum edition of Shakespeare give an excellent idea of the textual problems pre- sented by these two authors. TEZCTJCO, tes-koo'kfi. or TEXCOCO. A town in the State of Mexico, sixteen miles east of the city of that name, east of the Lake of Tezcuco. It is on the Interoceanic Railway, whose shops form its chief industry. It also has glass and cotton manufactures. In the plaza is a monument to Netzahualcoyotl, the most famous Tezcucan King. Previous to the Spanish con- quest the place was occupied by a Chichimeca tribe, known as the Texcucans or Acolhuans, who claimed a preeminence in Nahuatl culture and civilization. Here, in 1521, Cortes built the brigantines with which he besieged Mexico. Its population is about 2500. TEZIUTLAN", ta'se-oSt-lan'. A town of the State of Puebla, Mexico, seventy-six miles north- east of Puebla, and thirty-seven miles north- west of Jalapa (Jlap: Mexico, K 8). Its streets are steep and irregular. It has an extensive commerce with Mexico City and with the towns of Vera Cruz. Population^ in 1895, 9770. THACH'ER, .ToiiN Boil) (1847—). An Ameri- can manufacturer, writer, and book collector, born in Ballston, N. Y. He graduated at Wil- liams College in 18(59, and settled at Albany, N. y.. where he became a successful manufac- turer of car wheels. In 1884-85 he was a Demo- cratic member of the State Senate, taking an especial interest in tenement house reform ; and in 1886, 1887. 1896, and 1897 was Mayor of Albany. He devoted much of his attention to the study of early American discovery. His publications include: The Continent of Amer- ica. Its Discovert/ and Its Baptism : An Essai/ on the Nomenclature of the Old Continents, etc. (1896) : a drama, CharJeeote ; or The Trial of William Shakespeare (1896); The Cabotian Discovery (1897); and Christopher Columbus, His Life, His 'Works, His Remains, together xnth an Essay on Peter Martyr of Anyhern and Ilarlolume de las ('<isas, the First Historians of America (2 vols., 1903), an important work, made especially valuable by the publication of many original documents and of various early accounts of the life and voyages of Columbus. THACHEB, Thomas AiNTON'Y (1815-86). An American educator, born in Hartford, Conn. He graduated at Vale in 1835, was appointed tutor there in 1838, and, in 1842. professor of Latin, a position which he held during the remainder of his life. In 1843 he went to Germany and for a time gave instruction in English to the Crown Prince of Prussia pnd to Prince Frederick Charles. He was one of the editors of Webster's Dictionary, and also edited many of the Latin classics, such as Cicero's De Officiis (1850), and made an English version of Madvig's Latin Grammar. THACKERAY, Anne Isabella. See Ritchie, Anne Isabella. THACKERAY, William Makepeace (1811- 63). A famous English novelist. He was born in Calcutta, where his father was at the time in the service of the East India Company, July 18, 1811. At the age of six the boy was sent to England, his father having meantime died, and placed in the care of an aunt; but in 1821 his mother returned with her second husband and settled near Ottery Saint Mary in Devon- shire. The boy regarded her as 'a daughter of the gods,' and his stepfather, it is asserted, wag the original of Colonel Newcome. After attend- ing two small schools, Thackeray entered Charter- house, of which also he has given a vivid de- scription in The yeivcomes. and remained there six years (1822-28). Then he spent a little over a year at Cambridge, as a member of Trinity College and of the brilliant society of which Tennyson (q.v.) was another ornament. After this he spent two years abroad, staying some time at Weimar, where he met Goethe. On his return to England he studied law for a while at the Middle Temple, which furnished some of the material for Pendennis. On his coming of age, he inherited a fortune estimated at £20,000, but much of it was lost by the failure of an Indian bank, and he had to depend on his own exertions for a living. In 1833 he became editor and proprietor of the National Standard, a periodi- cal devoted to art and literature, but it lived only about a year, after which he spent some time in Paris studying art. He offered to illus- trate Pickwick, but his services were declined by Dickens. In 1836 he became Paris corre- spondent for the Constitutional, and married Isabella, daughter of Colonel Shawe of the In- dian army. After his marriage he settled in London, and contributed regularly to Eraser's Magazine. His first book was Flore et Zephyre by Theophile Wagstaff (1836), with nine comic plates from his own drawings. Some of the satirical char- acter sketches and humorous tales which he wrote for Fraser's were collected, as in The YeUourplush Papers (1838), The Paris Sketch- Book (1840), and The Irish Sketch-Boole (1843). In 1842 he began writing for Punch. to which he contributed nearly four hundred sketches. The most successful were Jeames's