Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/199

* TEUTONIC RACE. 159 TEWFIK PASHA. the end of the same century they migrated west- ward ; at the beginning of the fifth they founded their kingdom in the Rhenish Palatinate. This kingdom was destroyed in 437 by the Huns; the Burgundians settled in Savoy, and thence they founded a new State on the banks of the river Rhone, which fell into the hands of the Franks in 534. After that they were Romanized. See Burgundy. The earliest traceable home of the Vandals seems to have been on the shores of the Baltic. From there they seem to have migrated to the region of the Riesengebirge ('Vandal Mountains') to the north of Bohemia. But in the third cen- tury they are found in the far south in Dacia by the side of the Goths. At the beginning of tile fifth century they moved with other German tribes into Gaul, thence into Spain, finally crossing over into North Africa to found there in 429 their famous empire. This was destroyed by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian in 534. See Vandals. The earliest home of the Goths in historic times seems to have been to the east of the Burgundians on the east side of the upper course of the river Vistula. In the third century A.D. they had settled in the Roman province of Dacia north of the Lower Danube and in the adjoining region north of the Black Sea. At that time they were already divided into Visigoths, or West Goths, and Ostrogoths, or East Goths. The Gepidae, a closely related tribe, had followed them south and were located to the north of the Visigoths. Momentum was imparted to this great Teutonic mass by the incursions of the Huns, who began at that time to pour into Europe through the great gate between the Ural Mountains and the Caspian. The East Goths submitted to the Huns. The Visigoths, after seeking refuge in the Roman dominions south of the Danube, began that impiu'tant westward movement which first landed tlicm in Italy, whence they were expelled ; next in Gaul, of which they conquered the region between the rivers Rhone and Loire, and the Pyrenees; and finally in Spain, where they sus- tained themselves until they succumbed to the Saracens in 711. The Ostrogoths, submitting to the Huns, became part of Attila's empire, but after his death achieved independence and found- ed their State in Pannonia (Hungary). In 488 they broke into Italy, finally vanquished King Odoacer in 40.3. and founded their own short- lived kingdom, which succumbed to .Tiistinian's generals, Belisarius and Narses (536-53). See Goths. The North Germans advanced from the north- ernmost part of the common Teutonic territory, that is, from Schleswig-Holstein, into Denmark, whence they passed to Sehonen (Scania), the southernmost part of Sweden, gradually spread- ing from there over the Scandinavian peninsula, and the islands to the westward, especially Ice- land. The Western Continental Germans were di- vided by Tacitus and Pliny into three groups: the IngA'fPones, who coincide with the Low Ger- man peoples along the north coast of Germany; the Isttevones, corresponding to the Franeonian's; and the Hermiones (q.v. ). corresponding to the High Germans. The principal Low German races were the Saxons, the Frisians, and the Franconians or Franks. The ancient seat of the Saxons was on the eastern side of the mouth of the river Elbe; to the north of them in Schleswig- Holstein were the Angles. In the middle of the fiftli century the Britisli King Vortigern called in tlie aid of the Saxon chief liengist as a hired auxiliary. With the related Jutes (q.v.), the Saxons overran England south of the Thames; during tiie same century the Angles occu])ied Cen- tral and Northern England. To this mixture of Celts and Teutons the Norman Conquest (lOtiO) added a new and peculiar ingredient. Teutonic as to stock, Romance as to speech and institutions. See Anglo-Saxo.ns. The Continental vSaxons (Old Saxons), the great nation whom Charlemagne forcibly con- verted to Christianity, are in the first centuries after Christ the occupants of Lower Germany. At the root they are the same Saxons who to- gether with the Angles accomplished the con- quest of Britain. The Frisians are the western- most division of the lng'a;onic Teutons. Their ancient home was on the North Sea, in the marshes found about the Zuyder Zee, and from there east as far as the river Ems. The Franconians or Franks (q.v.) are a more modern name for the ancient Istsevones. Their original home was on both sides of the middle and lower course of the Rhine. The High German peoples coincide almost ex- actly with the third division of the West Ger- mans whom Pliny calls Hermiones, Tacitus Herminones. Their territory anciently extended very much farther to the north than in mediieval anci modern times. Adjoining the Saxons to the southeast dwelt the Lombards (q.v.) before they started on their long migration to Italy (568). Southwest of them were the Senini or Semnones. and due south of them the Hermunduri or Thu- ringians. To the west of them, along the lower course of the river Main, were the ancient seats of the Suevi (Swabians) and Alemanni. Again to the east of the Thuringians, in the present Kingdom of Bohemia and parts of Bavaria, dwelt at the' beginning of our era the powerful people of the Marcomanni ( q.v. ). After Charle- magne's conquest of the Avars the Bavarian Marcomanni crossed the river Enns and colo- nized part of the present German provinces of Austria. Consult: Bremer, "Ethnographie der germanischen Stiimnie," in Paul, Grundriss der ficrmanischen Philologie, vol. iii. (Strassburg, iSiKi et seq. ). TEWFIK (Mohammed) PASHA, tu'fik pa-shii' (1852-02). Khedive of Egypt from 1879 to 1892. He was the eldest son of Ismail Pasha, who secured from the Sultan a firman decreeing the khedival succession to Tewfik instead of his brother Halim. who would have become Khedive under the order of sviccession then in force. Tewfik was fond of country life, and spent most of his time before his accession on his estates. He was interested in educational matters and found- ed several schools. In February, 1879, when the Ministry of Nubar Pasha was dismissed (see EciVPT), Prince Tewfik became president of the Council, but he. like Nubar. showed too much svnnpathy with Egj'pt's European creditors and soon retired. On June 26, 1879. the Sultan de- posed Ismail and Tewfik became Khedive, at a time when Egj-pt was deeply embarrassed financially and the power of the Khedive was much curtailed. His general policy was modern and European,