Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/195

* TETRAGBAMMATON. 155 TETTJAN. tile reader was warned not to pronounce the di- vine name, but to substitute for it Adonai or Elohim. (On the reasons for this custom, see Jehovah.) It is found as early as in the second century B.C. in the Greek version (see Bible), which uses Kvpio(, Kprios. 'Lord,' for the tetra- sraniinaton. The editorial revision of Book II. in the Psalter (Psalms xlii.-lxxii.) also substi- tutes for it Elohim. There is little room for doubt that the original pronunciation was Yahwe. the final Ii being inaudible. According to Theodoret the Samaritans (q.v.) pronounced the name'Io/3E, Yabe or Yave, and this statement is borne out by extant Samaritan hymns where the rhyme indicates that pronunciation. The same pronunciation is ascribed to a Christian sect by Epiphanius and is found in Egyptian papyri. An Ethiopic manuscript gives the form Yawe, in which the vowels are indicated. The name 1(10 frequently found in manuscripts and pap.vri goes back to Y'ahu. That Yahu or Y'ah existed in S.vria as a divine name before the Hebrew invasion is probable and receives some support from Egj'ptian inscriptions. The fact that it occurs chiefly in late Old Testament writings may be due to an arehaistic tendency not seldom seen in connection with the liturgy-. Y'ah at the enil of a name and Y'eho at the beginning meet us so often in pre-exilic times that it is likely to be very old. It is also significant that Y'ahwe never seems to be used in theophorous names. Since it was at all times permitted to pronounce Y'ahu, it is not strange that the Greeks and Romans should have got the impression that the name of the god of the Jews was lao. The earli- est datable occurrence of the tetragrammaton is in the inscription of King Mesha of Moab, C.840 B.C. Through the Samaritans and certain Jewish sects the knowledge of the proper pro- nunciation was perpetuated. While the Samari- tans of the seventeenth century refused to di- vulge this secret, Sabbatai Zewi (see Messi.^ii), the famous m.vstic and claimant to the Messiah- ship, insisted upon the pronunciation of the tetragrammaton. The hybrid form Jehovah, made up of the consonants of Yahwe and the vowels of Adonai, was first used in 1520. Consult: Baudissin, Htudien zur semitischen Religionsqescliichtc (Leipzig, 1876) ; Driver, in Studia Biblica (Oxford, 1885) ; Dalman, Der Gottesname Adonaj und seine Geschichte (Leip- zig, 1889) ; W. Jlax Jliiller, Asien tmd Eurcypa (Leipzig, 189.3) : Dietrich, in Zeitschrift fiir alt- testamentVirhe JVissenscliaft (Giessen, 1883); Deissmann, Bibelstudien (Marburg, 1895). TETRAHEDRON (from Gk. rerpa,- fefra-. four -f- eSpn, hedra, base). A solid bounded by four planes. It appears in nature, and as a crystal is classified as a secondary form of the octahedron, produced by removing the alternate angles or edges of the latter. See Polyhedron. TETRALOGY (from Gk. Terpa^nyla, tetra- login, group of four dramas, from rerpn-, teira^, four + Adyoc, lor/OS, word). (1) In Greek drama, a series of three tragedies and a satyric drama presented in sequence. The satyrie drama was in some eases connected with the tragedies in subject, but its main purpose was to relieve the tension caused by the trilogy. (2) A musical drama in four parts. Wagner's famous tetralogy, Der Ring des Xibelungen, consists of Das Rliein- VOL. XIX. —u gold. Die Walkiirc, Siegfried, and Gotterddm- merung. See Trilogy. TETRAMETER. See Vkrsifration. TETRAPOLITAN CONFESSION. See Saceamextaiuax. TE'TRARCH (Lat. tetrarclws, from (Jk. Terpdpx'/Ct governor of a fourth of a country, from Terpa-, ieirn-, four + uyJA'"'', archein, to rule). Originall,y, the governor of one of four divisions of a kingdom or country; but, in the usage of the later Roman Empire, anj' minor ruler, especially in the East, possessing sovereign rights within his territory, but dependent on, and in man,v cases removable at the pleasure of, the Emperor. This was especially the case in S.vria, where the princes of the family of Herod are called indiscriminately by this title (Luke iii. 1) and by that of king (Matt. xiv. 9). The tetrarch in this latter sense was in truth a sovereign, although a dependent sovereign ; and there are instances in which the title seems to have been applied to really independent sover- eigns of small principalities. TETSCHEN, techVn. A town of Bohemia, situated on the right bank of the Elbe, near the Saxon frontier. An active industrial place, hav- ing a number of factories and carrying on a livel.y trade, it is the emporium for the shipping traflic on the Elbe, and with its picturesque sur- roundings is also the culminating point of that part of the Elbe Valle,y included in Saxon- Bohemian Switzerland. The handsome chateau of Count Thun. built in 16G7-73, with a fine park, garden, and hothouses, library, and collection of coins and weapons, was once fortified and a place of some importance in the Seven Y'ears' War, Population, in 1890, 729*9; in 1900, 9698, Germans. TETTENBORN, tet'en-born, Friedrich Kael, Baron (1778-1845). A German soldier, born in the Principality of Sponheim. He entered the Austrian Army in 1794, serving in the wars of the French Revolution. At the battle of Wagram, in 1809, he won distinction b,y his bravery. Just before the invasion of Russia by Napoleon in 1812 he entered the Russian Arm}' as a lieuten- ant-colonel, commanded Kutusoif's vanguai'd, and greatly harassed the French on their retreat. In 1813 he entered Berlin, together with the Rus- sians, and thence proceeded to Hamburg, which he occupied, but whence h? was driven IMa.y 30th. He next fought against Davout and Pecheux and cap- tured Bremen October 15th. He served with Ber- nadotte in Jutland and on the Rhine in 1814. In France, during the invasion of the Allies, he did excellent service in keeping open communications. In 1818 he entered the service of Baden, and in 1819 was promoted to be lieutenant-general, and was sent as Ambassador to Vienna, where he died. TETUAN, tet-wiin'. A town of Morocco about 30 miles southeast of Tangier, on the Martil. It lies in the midst of fine gardens and is sur- rounded by dilapidated walls. In the background loom the Rif Mountains. The rows of white houses rise in terraces. The streets are narrow and dirty, but there are many fine residences built by the Moors expelled from Spain. Gun- barrels, coarse woolen cloth, and sashes are manu- factured. Grain, fruits, wool, silk, leather, and beef cattle are exported, mainly to Gibraltar.