Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/16

TAIRA. The clan was all but exterminated and never re- gained its importance.

TAIRA. A South American weasel-like car- nivore. See Tayra.

TAI SHAN, ti' shiin'. The most easterly of the Five Vo or great sacred mountains of China whose worship goes back into the fabulous period of Chinese history. It is a great massive com- plex of rugged limestone ridges, buttressed on the east and southeast by the mountains and hills which cover most of the Shantung peninsula. Its highest peak is 4111 feet above the level of the sea. It is about 60 miles south-southeast of Tsi-nan fu, the capital of Shan-tung (q.v.), and is thickly dotted, especially on the south side, with both Buddhist and taoist temples, mon- asteries, and pavilions. It is annually visited by tens of thousands of pilgrims from all parts of the country.

TAIT, Archibald Campbell (1811-82). Arch- bishop of Canterbury. He was born in Edin- Ijurgh, and was brought up as a Presbyterian. During his studies at the University of Glas- gow, to which he went in 1827, he determined to enter the ministrv of the Church of England, and went up to Balliol College, Oxford, in 1830. He took his degree there in 1833, was elected fellow in 1834, and ordained in 1836. He steadfastly refused to be carried away by the Oxford Move- ment, and joined with three other tutors in a famous protest against the principle involved in Tract XC. In 1842 he succeeded Dr. Arnold as head master of Rugby, which he left in 1850 for the deaner}' of Carlisle. In 1856 he became Bishop of London, and, amid the difficulties of times full of bitter controversy, won the re- spect of all by his courage and impartiality. The same may be said of his administration of the still more difficult post of the primacy, on which he entered at the beginning of 1869. He took a tolerant position toward the ritualists throughout the excitement which caused the pass- ing of the Public Worship Regulation Act in 1874, and on all questions showed independence and firmness. Consult his biography by David- son (afterwards his successor) and Benham (London, 1891).

TAIT, John Robinson (1834—). An Ameri- can landscape painter and author, born in Cin- cinnati, Ohio. He studied art in Florence, Diis- seldorf, Munich, and the Tyrol, He wrote a Ger- man comedy Ein aufrichtiges Heiratsyesuch, and, in English, European Life, Legends, and Landscape (1859). His paintings, several of which were exhibited at Philadelphia in the Cen- tennial Exhibition, include "Siebengebirge," "L'nder the Willows," "Tyrolean Cottage," and "Landscape and Cattle."

TAIT, Peter Guthrie (1831-1901). A Scotch physicist, born at Dalkeith, Scotland, and educated at Edinburgh University and Peter- house, Cambridge, where he was made a fel- low in 18.52. He was appointed professor of mathematics in Queen's College, Belfast, in 1854, and was professor of natural philosophy in the University of Edinburgh from 1860 to the time of his death. He carried on many important in- vestigations in mathematics and physics, par- ticularly on the mathematical and theoretical side of the latter science. His most famous work in mathematics was on quaternions, while his studies in thermodynamics and thermo-electricity were of unusual value. His papers on the kinetic theory of gases are among his many important contributions to science, and his various works cited below are marked by conciseness and lu- cidity of statement. He was the author of: Dijnamics of a Particle (1865); Elementary Treatise on Nattiral Philosophy (1867), with Lord Kelvin (then Sir William Thomson) ; Qua- ternions (1867); Thermodynamics (1868); Re- cent Advances ire Physical Science (1876) ; Ileat (1884); Light (1884); Properties of Matter (1885) ; Dynamics (1895) ; and other works, in- cluding Scientific Papers (1898) and Newton's Laas of Motion (1899). He also wrote in co- operation with Professor Balfour Stewart Th(, Unseen Universe.

TAITTIRIYA, tl'te-re'ya (Skt., from TCiit- iiri, name of an ancient Hindu sage). The title of a school of the Yajur-Veda and of the redac- tion of the Yajur-Veda itself, which belongs to that particular school. See Veda.

TAIWAN, ti'wan' (Chin., terraced bay). The name by which the island of Formosa (q.v.) is known to both the Chinese and Japanese.

TAI-YUEN FU, ti'yoB-en'foo'. A walled city of China, capital of the Province of Shan-si. It stands between loess-covered hills near the head of a fertile plain 30 to 40 miles wide, about 70 miles long, 3000 feet above the level of the sea. Both coal and iron are worked near the city on the west, and there are silver mines about 65 miles north. The coal is bituminous and is of fine quality. The city consists, like Peking, of an 'inner' and an 'outer' city, the 'inner' on the north and the 'outer' on the south. The former measures 2% miles by 1%, is surrounded by walls of mod- erate height, and has eight gates with towers over each and on the corners. The outer city is sur- rounded by mud walls, with three gates, one of which is kept closed for Imperial use. There is no extra-mural population. Among the build- ings worthy of mention is the Wan-Show Kung, or 'palace of ten thousand ages,' arranged as a temple, roofed with yellow tiles, and containing one room, in which is the Imperial tablet. There is an Imperial gun and cannon foundry here. Population, 200,000.

TAJIKS, ta-zheks'. The term applied par- ticularly to the rural population of Eastern Persia, and generally to their representatives and congeners scattered from Constantinople to the borders of China, and from Orenburg to the Indian Ocean. It is sometimes more of a de- scriptive than a racial epithet. There are 'moun- tain Tajiks' and 'Tajiks of the Plain'— the Gal- chas (q.v.) of the Pamir being also known as 'mountain Tajiks.' The Tajiks are rather above the average in height, brachycephalie, and show traces of Turkish intermixture. It is possible that the CSalchas and Tajiks may represent an Asiatic section of the so-called Alpine race of Western Europe. Both peoples are thus Aryan intruders into their respective areas, who have more or less mingled with the preexisting non- Aryan population. Consult: Lljfalvy, Les Aryens au nord et ati sud de I'Hindou Kouch (Paris, 1896) ; Houssay, Les races humaines de la Perse (ib„ 1887).

TAJ MAHAL, tazh ma-hal' (Pers., Crown of Mahal). A white marble mausoleum a mile