Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/155

* TENDAI-SHU. 123 TENDRIL. mountain near Kyoto called lliyei-zan. Its priests, though devoted by profession to medita- tion, became very warlike in the Middle Ages. Xobunaga (q.v.) "in a.d. 1571 destroyed the mon- astery, and killed the inhabitants. The sect jiever regained its commanding position. TENDENCY (from I.at. tendens, prcs. part of ICHilcrc, to stretch, tend; connected with Gk. relKiv, teinein, Skt. tan, to stretch, OHG. dunni, Ger. diinn, AS. pynne, Eng. thin). A term in psycho-physics denoting the nervous disposition which underlies mental constitution. It may be termed 'psycho-physical tendency' if attention is to be directed to the trend of consciousness which is given by a peculiarity of organic structure, or 'mental tendenc}'' if emphasis is to be laid on the fact that difl'eront minds are attracted by differ- ent sources of stimulation and persist in reacting differently to like stimuli. Tendencies are either natural or acquired. (1) Katural tendencies are based on inheritance and are transmitted through the medium of the nerv- ous system, which tends to discharge by prefer- ence "in a certain direction. (2) Acquired ten- dencies are permanent impressions, 'sets' which are given the nervous system, especially while it is plastic. Such a tendency exists as a liability to discharge through certain channels which form lines of least resistance nnder stimulation. A habit started quite incidentally or even in the face of constitutional reluctance may become in time a distinctly 'ingrained' tendency toward a particular action or mode of thought. (See Mental Cox.stitutiox; Disposition: Memorv; Tempekamext; and Habit.) V. .lames speaks of 'feelings of tendency' when a meaning is adiunbrated but not fully realized, in the state of expectant attention. See Attextiox and Sl'CCOXSCIOl'SXE.SS. TENDER (from ME. tender. OF., Fr. tendre, from Lat. tendcie. to stretch, extend: connected with Gk. Tcifeif, teinein, Skt. tan, Goth, uf-yunjun, AS. penian, OHG. denen, dennen, Ger. dchneri, to stretch out). As a legal term, the formal offer to perform some legal obligation incumbent on the person tendering performance under such circumstances as to make no further act neces- sary from the party making the tender. The term is most frequently used with reference to the payment of money due. but it is not limited to that application. If the obligation is simply to pay money, all that the debtor is required to do is to plead that he duly tendered the money; and if he pay into court the sum formerly ten- dered, the other party must discontinue the ac- tion or proceed with it at his own risk. See Mortgage: Pledge. In some States the rule that a tender must be made in lawful money has been relaxed and a tender made by a check or bill of exchange is good unless the debtor rejects the tender on the groimd that negotiable paper is tendered instead of lawful money. The creditor may also dispense with the necessity of tender on the part of the debtor by preventing a tender. In many States there are statutory provisions permitting a debt- or in ease action is brought against him by the creditor, to pay the sum due into court, or to •offer to permit the creditor to take judgment for the amount due. the effect being, as in case of tender, to stop the running of interest and to Vol. XIX.— 9. prevent the creditor from recovering further ^■o>ts. United States notes issued under act of Con- gress of 1802 are legal tender for all public and private dues except duties on imports and inter- est on the public debt. Those issued under act uf July 14th, 1800, are legal tender in payment of public and private debts. Gold and silver cer- tificates of the United Slates are legal tender under the same condition as gold and silver coinage respectivel}'. Notes issued for circulation by national banks are legal tender in payment of all debts and dues, public or private, except duties due the United States on imports, and in- terest due on the public debt and in payment upon redemption of the national currency. They are generally not legal t^'uder for any debt due any national banking association. See Legal Texdeb. TENDON (from ML. tendo, tendon, from Lat. tcndcre, to stretch, extend). A term cm- ployed in anatomy to designate the structure of white fibrous tissue reaching from the end of a muscle to bone or some other structure which is to serve as a fixed attachment for it, or which it is intended to move. In accordance with their form, tendons have been divided into the three following varieties: (1) Funicular, or rope-like, as the long tendon of the biceps muscle of the arm; (2) fascicular, as the short tendon of that muscle, and as most tendons generally: and (3) aponeurotic, or tendinous expansions, sometimes of considerable extent, and serviceable in strengthening the walls of cavities, as, for ex- ample, the tendons of the abdominal muscles. The tendons begin by separate fasciculi from the end of each muscular fibre, and they similarly terminate by separate fasciculi in distinct depres- sions in the bones besides being closely incor- porated with the periosteum. Tendons, to- gether with their sheaths, are subject to acute and chronic inflammations and to tumor formation. The ordinary acute form of inflammation known as acute tcno-xyiioritis is usuallj' brought along by injury such as a blow or by over-use. The chronic form of inflamma- tion is usually tubercular, though a rheumatic diathesis sometimes occurs. The tumors usually ob.served in tendons are small fibres and cartila- ginous enlargements. Such growths occasionally assume malignant character. When separation of a tendon occurs either by rupture or incision, if the ends of the divided tendon 'ijre not too Midely separated, repair takes place by the depo- sition of new fibrous tissue, closely resembling true tendon tissue. Tliis repair is usually com- plete at the end of three weeks. TENDRIIi (Fr. tendrillr. from tendrr. tender, from Lat. tener, delicate; connected with tenuu, Gk. raya6s, tanaos, Skt. tanv, OHG. dunni. Ger. diinn, AS. pynne, Eng. thin). A slender, usually cylindrical organ of higher plants used for climbing. As to their origin, tendrils may occupy the position of leaflets, or of leaves, normally subtended by branches, or of branches usually subtended by leaves. The last two sorts, however, are not always easily distinguished. Some tendrils are coiled when young, unrolling as they mature: others are merely bent, or straight, or variously folded. At maturity they are usually slightly hooked near the apex. Structurally, tendrils contain vascular bundles.