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* TEMPLE. 118 TEMPLE. term is also applied to the chief sanctuary of the Jews (see Temple at Jerusalem), to Christian churclies belonging to the Knights Templars, and in France to Protestant places of worship. A temple was usually dedicated to some deity, whose image it contained; the interior was acces- sible to priests, but not to the general body of worshipers. Among most ancient peoples the temple was the principal architectural feature, as in Greece, where the history of temple con- struction is practically the history of architec- ture. The subject is tlierefore best treated under the subdivision Architecture, in such articles as Assyrian, Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek, Ro- man, Indian, Chinese, and Japanese Art; also under Architecture, Ancient American. TEMPLE. A city in Bell County, Tex.. 35 miles south by west of Waco; on the Gulf, Colo- rado and SiUita Fe and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroads (Map: Texas, F 4). It has a public library, King's Daughters' Hos- pital, and the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railroad Hospital. Teni])le is the shipping centre for the cotton, corn, oats, and live stock of the surrounding country. Cottonseed-oil mills, cotton gins and compresses, foundries and ma- chine shops, bottling works, a large cold storage plant, flouring mill, and a candy factory are among the leading industrial establishments. The Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railroad main- tains shops here. The government is vested in a mayor, chosen biennially, and a unicameral coun- cil. Temple was settled in 1881. Population, in 1890, 4047; in 1900, 7065. TEMPLE, The. (1) A former stronghold of the Templars in Paris, built in 1212. When the order was suppressed in 1312 it was used as a royal treasury and subsequently as a prison. During 1792 and 1793 Louis XVI, and his family were confined in it. The last remains of the building were removed in 1871 and its site is now occupied by the Marche du Temple. (2) A former lodge of the Templars in London, dating from the end of the twelfth century, and now represented by the Temple Church and the Inns of Court, known as the Inner and Middle Temple, which stand on the site of the ancient building, the former within the precincts of the city. The Temple became Crown property when the order was dissolved, was presented to the Earl of Pembroke, and then passed to the Knights of Saint John, who leased it to law students. TEMPLE, Frederick (1821-1902). Arch- bisliop of Canterbury. He was born at Leukas, in the Ionian Islands, and was educated at Bal- liol College, Oxford, He was principal of Kneller Hall, and then inspector of church training-col- leges, until he was elected head-master of Rugby, where his administration was very successful. In 1860 his name was prominent as one of the authors of Essni/fi and Revieics, a book supposed to have a rationalizing tendency, though Temple's own essay on "Education and the World" contained little that would be considered dangerous nowadaj's. The suspicion of hetero- doxy, however, clung about him and found ex- pression when Gladstone, in 1869, nominated him as Bishop of E.xetcr, in a formal protest against his confirmation. This distrust died away afterwards and he acquired a great repu- tation for absolute justice and impartiality. while in many respects his later career associat- ed him rather with the High Church party ihau with the Broad. In 1885 he wais translated to the see of London, and in 1890 lie was made Archbishop of Canterbury, and a year after- wards, wiUi his brother primate of York, stood out as a champion of the Church of England in a learned and dignified reply to the Papal decision declaring the invalidity of Anglican ordination. He died in London soon after ofiiciating at the coronation of Edward VII. His most important publishe(t work is The Re- hitioii Between Science ana Religion (1884), be- ing the Bampton Lectures for that year. Con- sult biographies by Aitken (London, 1901) and Dant (lb., 1903). TEMPLE, Henry John, third Viscount Pal- merston. A British statesman. See Palmers- ton. TEMPLE, Sir Richard (1826-1902), An English politician and author, born at Kemp- sey, near Worcester. Having entered the Indian service in 1848, he rose quickly, becoming Finance Minister of India ( 1868), Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal (1874), and Governor of Bombay (1877-80). On his return to England in 1880 he became financial member of the London School Board (1886-94), and president of the Social Science Congress. From 1885 to 1895 he sat in Par- liament as a Conservative. For his services he was made a baronet in 1876, His publications com- prise: India in 1S80 (1881) ; Men and Events of il II Time in India (1882) ; Oriental Experience (1883) ; Cosmopolitan Essays (1886) ; Palestine Illustrated (1888); Memoir of John Lawrence (1889); Life in Parliament (1893); Story of My Life (1896) ; A Bird's-Eye View of Pictur- esque India (1898); and The House of Com- mons (1899). TEMPLE, Richard Temple Grenville, Earl (1711-79). An English statesman. He was the eldest son of Richard Grenville of Wotton Hall, Buckinghamshire, and was educated at Eton and private!}'. In 1734 he was returned to Parlia- ment for Buckingham, On the death of Viscount Cobham in 1749 his mother was created Countess of Temple and at her death in 1752 Grenville suc- ceeded to the Temple earldom. He was a politi- cal as.sociate of William Pitt, who married Grenville's sister Hester, and he held the position of First Lord of the Admiralty, 1756-57, and Lord Priy Seal, 1757-61. He was afterwards in frequent opposition to the King. Pitt, and his brother George Grenville, supported Wilkes, and was one of the many to whom the authorship of the Letters of Junius was attributed. Consult the Orenville Papers (1852-53), which consist of the correspondence between Pitt and George and Richard Temple and throw much light on the political and Court life of the period. TEMPLE, Sir William (1628-99). An Eng- lish statesman and essayist, born in London. He was reared by an uncle. Dr. Henrv Hammond, rector of Penshurst, in Kent. He entered Em- manuel College. Cambridge, in 1644; but he left four years later without a degree, and set out for France. On this journe.v he met Dorothy Osborne (1627-95), the dau.shter of a stanch royalist, whom he married in 1655. Dorothy's letters during the last years of the courtship possess great charm. In 1665 Temple was sent