Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/103

* TEA. TEA INSECTS. Southeastern Asia, and has become prevalent among the British, the Russians, and the Dutch. Among other I-.uropean peoples its use is much less general, and is chielly confined to maritime districts, towns, and the wealthy. Where tea is difficult to obtain substitutes of two sorts are used: those, such as Matt^, guarana (qq.v.), coflfee leaves and kolanut, which con- tain theine or calTein (q.v. ), and which conse- quently have the stimulating efl'ect; and those, such as Siberian tea {Saxifraga crassifulia), Ap- palachian tea (Viburnum cassinoides] , Labrador tea (Leiopliyllum buxifolium), Chilean tea (Mi/rtus Ugni), Trinidad pimento tea (Piiiienta o/licinnlis), which resemble the true tea in flavor or smell, or which possess some other stimulating principle. See Plate of Beverage Plants. TEACH, or THATCH, Edwakd ( ?-1718). An Anglo-American jiirate, popularly known as Blackbeard. Probably he was born at Bristol, England, and in his youth went to the West Indies. He became widely known and feared for his robberies and atrocities, throughout the West Indies and along the coast of Carolina and Virginia. For winter quarters he built him- self a house which is still standing, on the upper bank of the Pasquotank, N. C, accessible only from the Sound. There on November 22, 1718, he was attacked by tv.o sir.all sloojis under the command of Lieutenant Maynard oif the British Navy, and by a successful ruse led to board the vessels, when he with several of his men was killed, and of the 15 prisoners taken, 13 were subsequently hanged. His Life is included in Charles Johnson's Lives of the Pyrates (1724), and he appears in Howard Pyle's Jack BalHster's Fortiiiies (1804). TEACHERS COLLEGE. An institution in New York City for the training of teachers and school administrators, founded in 1888, and made a part of the educational system of Columbia University (q.v.) in 1808, taking academic rank with the schools of law, medicine, and applied science. The college is represented in the Colum- bia University Council by its dean and an elected representative of the faculty, but maintains its separate corporate organization, with a board of trustees who assume the entire financial respon- sibility for its maintenance. The departments of instruction are history and philosophy of education, educational administration, educa- tional psychology, elementary and secondary edu- cation, English, French, and German, Greek and Latin, history, biology, geography, physics and chemistry, mathematics, kindergarten, fine arts, domestic art, domestic science, manual training, music and voice training, and physical educa- tion. No department undertakes work for which adequate provision is made in other faculties of the university. The college maintains two schools of observation and practice: the Horace Mann School, with kindergarten, elementary and high- schnol departments, and the Speyer School, con- sisting of a kindergarten, an elementary school, and special classes in sewing, cooking, and man- ual training. The large demand for university extension work in 1002-03, when 4.5 courses were given, led to the establishment of an extension department, beginning in September, 1903. The buildings, five in nuiiiher. were valued in 1003 at $2,000,000, when the endowment was $190,000, and the gross income $230,000. The total regis- tration was 3018, including 729 collegiate stu- dents, 1093 in the Teachers College schools, and 1196 extension students. The Bryson Library contains 22,000 volumes. TEACHING OF THE TWELVE APOS- TLES (Gk. Stdaxv Tutv SuiSeKa d7roaT6uif^ dl- dache ton dOdeka u/ioalolCfi ). also called the DiDACHE. An ancient Christian document, writ- ten in Greek, probably before 150, of great value for the study of organization, belief, and worship in the early Church. It was found in 1873 by Bryennios (q.v.), Metropolitan of Nicomedia, in an eleventh-century manuscript in the Monastery of the Holy Sepulchre in Constantinople, and was published by him ten years later. Modern edi- tors include it, by general consent, among the Apostolic Fathers (q.v.). The Teaching was ap- parently compiled from earlier material, for use as a church manual. It contains a description of the Two Ways, one of life, the other of death, in the form of rules for Christian conduct, some- what akin to the Decalogue, but longer. Whether or not this part of the Teaching was originally separate from the rest, it is evident that it was used in catechetical instruction, to prepare con- vei-ts for baptism. The second portion of the Teaching sets forth the proper observance of the rites of baptism and the Lord's Supper, with di- rections for their administration, and prayers and forms for use in the same. It further defines the office and duties of the Christian leaders, es- pecially apostles, prophets, teachers, bishops, and deacons. Ceremonial and organization are alike extremely simple. The whole concludes with a paragraph announcing the speedy second com- ing of Christ and the final Judgment. The Teaching was held in high honor in the early Church, falling short, however, of canonici- ty. It forms the basis of the seventh book of the Apostolic Constitutions (q.v.), and bears some literary relationship to the Shepherd of Hermes and perhaps to the Apology of Aristides. Most critics are inclined to attribute it to Syria or Eg^-pt, but no decisive argument exists for either. By the fourth century the Teaching had taken its place definitely among the 'ecclesiastical' as distinguished from the 'canonical' books, and it was thenceforward employed only for edifi- cation, not for authoritative teaching in the Church. Consult: Schaff, The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles (3d ed.. New York, 1889) ; Har- ris, The Teaching of the Apostles (Baltimore, 1887; contains facsimiles of the manuscript); Cruttwell, Literary fjistory of Early Christianity (London, 1893; contains an English transla- tion) ; Kriiger, Hist on/ of Early Christian Lit- erature (New York, 1897). The text will be found criticallv edited, in Funk, Patres Apostol- ici (2d ed., Tiibingen, 1901), TEAGTJE. A faithful and humorous footman in Howard's Committee, who gave his name for some time afterwards to many Irishmen in the literature of the later Stuarts. The part, said to have been dra-nm from a servant of the author's, was most successfully created by the actor Lncv. TEA INSECTS. The tea plant is attacked by several injurious insects, as the faggot-worm ( Eumeta Carmerii ), one of the bagworms, whose larva carries a case made up of fragments of twigs and feeds upon leaves of the plant. The tea borer (Zeuzera coffece) is the larva of a