Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/895

* SYNOVITIS. 781 SYNTHESIS. In some cases the most marked feature of the tubercular process is the degeneralioii of the tubercle tissue and of the adjacent joint struc- tures with the formation of ulcers. 'riiis is known as the ulcerative form of the disease. In other eases the growth of granulation tissue is very e.tensive, and the name 'fungous' is ap- plied to this form of the disease. In still others extensive suppuration occurs, pus being present in the joint cavity and in the surrounding tis- sues. This is designated suppurative tubercular arthritis. The tubercular process frequently spreads to and involves the bone, resulting in extensive changes in the bones themselves. Tu- bercilar arthritis is usually slow in its progress. The large joints are most frequently affected. The amount of stitl'ness is dependent upon the extent of the process. Tubercular arthritis may occur as part of a general tubercular infection, as secondary to other tubercular lesions, or, not infrequently, is confined to a single joint with no evidence of any tubercular condition in other parts of the body. Treatment of synovitis or arthritis depends upon the cause. In the acute serous or sero- fibrinous varieties, rest, alternate hot and cold aflfusion, extension of the limb so as to separate the surfaces, and exercise with the joint im- movable, may be all that is necessary. In some cases passive motion is desirable, to break up adhesions, after prolonged rest in a splint. In some exudative, especially in suppurative cases, the joint is aspirated and the fluid drawn off. Rheumatic and gouty arthritis yields to the sali- cylates, alkalies, lithia salts, or other internal medicine used in rheumatism or gout. In tuber- cular cases the joint is opened and the tubercular nidus scooped out, or the joint is resected in some instances. Deforming arthritis usually leaves permanent deformities. Sometimes opera- tive procedures, undertaken after the inflamma- tion has ceased, will correct these deformities in part. Consult Marsh, Diseases of the Joints and Spine (London, 1895) ; "Joints, Diseases of," in vol. vi. { Edinburgh, 8pi Enci/clopwdia Medica, 1000). SYNTAX. A division of philology- (q.v.). SYNTAX, Figures of. Intentional deviations from the ordinary construction of words. The principal figures of syntax are as follows: Ana- phora is the repetition of the same word or gram- matical form at the beginning of several succes- sive clauses, as 'irithout tumult, witlwiit arms, tcithoxit harm or injury the insurrection was quelled.' Anastrophe consists of a transposition of words, as rolled the thunder for the thunder rolled, or 'he travels earth around.' Asyndeton is the ellipsis of a conjunction or connecting par- ticle, as veni, vidi, viei, 'I came, I saw, I con- quered.' Braehylogy is the use of a concise or pregnant mode of expression, as 'the e3'e of a horse is bigger than an elephant.' i.e. than (the e.ve of) an elephant. Chiasmus is a cross-wise arrangement of words, where the words of a second and corresponding set are stated in in- verse order to those of the first set. as 'Begot by butchers, but by bishops bred.' Ellipsis is the omission of a word or words necessary for the construction of the sentence, but not essential to its meaning. By means of ellipsis conciseness and impressiveness are gained, and accordingl.v it prevails in proverbs, as 'Jlore haste, less speed,' or Ex pede Herculem. Asyndeton is a special form of elliiisis. Enallage is the substitution of one part of speech, or of one inllectional form of a word, for another, as 'they fall successive anil successive rise.' Epanastrophe is the repetition of the end of a clause at the beginning of the next, as 'The mouse ran ip the clock, the clock struck one.' Epiphora is the repetition of a word or words at the end of successive clauses and hence is the reverse of anaphora, as Lcclius narus cnit, doctus crat. Epizeuxis is the emphatic repetition of a word, as "Alone, alone, all, all alone. Alone on a wide, uide sea." Hendiadys or hendiadyoin is the use of two co- ordinate words or phrases instead of an expres- sion in which one qualifies the other gram- matically, or, in other words, it is the presenta- tion of one idea by means of two coordinate words or phrases, as a 'couch strewn with purple and tapes! r I/,' i.e. with purple tapestry, or annis virisque, 'w-ith arms and men' (i.e. armed nu-n). Hypallage is the use of one case for another, the transference of an epithet from its proper sub- ject to another, as Ti/rrhenus tuhee clangor, 'the Tyrrhenian clang of the tnnnpet,' for Tyrrhenic tuho" claiiiior, 'tlie clang of the Tyrrhenian trum- pet.' Hyperbaton is the transposition of words or clauses. An example of hyperbaton of clauses is valet alque rivit. 'he is well and alive,' for vivit atque valet, 'he is alive and well.' Pleo- nasm is the use of superfluous words, sometimes, however, arising from a desire to secure strength, as in the excessive use of the negative in conver- sation, especiall,y by uneducated persons or by children. Polysyndeton is pleonasm in the use of conjunctions and is the reverse of a.synde- ton. Proiepsis consists in introducing a word in advance of its proper place, as 'I know thee, who thou art.' Proiepsis also denotes the use of an epithet before it is logically applicable, as Scuta latentia eondum, 'they conceal their hid- ing (or hidden) shields.' Syllepsis is the agree- ment of an adjective or verb with only one of two or more subjects with which it is linked, as rex et regina bcali. S.vncsis is a construction of words according to the sense conveyed by them rather than b,v the strict requirements of gram- matical rules, as 'Philip went down to Samaria, and preached Christ unto them.' Tmesis is the separation of the parts of a word, as in Ennius's famous line, saxo cere comniinuit brum, or, in 'the love of God to us icard.' Zeugma is the use of a word in two or more connections, though, strictly speaking, it is applicable to only one of them. SYNTHESIS (Lat. s,,nlhcsis, from Gk. aiv- 6c(Tii, composition, combination, a putting to- gether, from ffvvTidivat, .'.'///(/(V/ic/irti. to combine, put together, from avv, si/n, together + TLtiivai, tithcnai. to put. place). In philosophy, a term applied to the organic unity of difTerent elements, or to the process whereby such a unity is consti- tuted. Sec Anai.ysi.s. SYNTHESIS, Chemical. The building up of compounds from their elements. The synthetic methods of chemistry are of the greatest impor- tance in several respects. First, they may serve to test the correctness of analyses, or even, in certain cases, replace analytical methods alto- gether. For example, if there were any doubt as to water being composed of eight parts of