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* SYDENHAM. 76S SYENITE. nected with our present knowledge of many dis- eases, he is especially to be rememljered as the one who introduced cinchona in the treatment of malaria, and wlio lirst differentiated scarlatina, classified chorea, and expounded gout. A col- lection of his works was published in English (1785); and the Sydenham Society of London, founded for the purpose of printing meritorious medical works, put forth as its first issue his complete works in Latin in 1846, and in Eng- lish in 1848. Consult Latham's Memoir (Lon- don, 1848). SYD'NEY. The capital of New South Wales and the oldest city in Australia, on the southern shores of Port Jackson: latitude 33° 52' S., longi- tude 151° 13' E. (Map: Xew South Wales, F 3). It is situated about 8 miles from the sea, and the whole bay round which the city is built forms a fine harbor, where the largest vessels can safely anchor. Its bold and rocky shores present a succession of picturesque and beautiful land- scapes. The narrow entrance is called the 'Heads,' and is marked by a lighthouse. The Fitzroy dry-dock, originally intended for vessels of the roj'al navy, can accommodate vessels of the largest size. The city is defended by mod- ern forts and batteries, and is the chief station of the Australian navy. The neighborhood of Syd- ney is surrounded by park-like grounds, and gardens of orange trees, bananas, and number- less semi-tropical plants. The suburbs include 41 municipalities, the chief of which are Balmain in the west; Newton, Redfern. ilarrickville. and Waterloo in the south : Paddington. Randwiok. Woolhara, and Waverley in the east. The climate of Sydney is. upon the whole, temperate and healthful. The sandstone rock upon which the city is built affords a valuable material for building. The streets in the older parts of the town are narrow and irregular; in the newer portions they are modern, and the size and style of the buildings are not behind those of the principal towns of Europe. The Uni- versity of Sydney stands on a commanding height. There are two suffragan colleges in con- nection with the university — that of Saint Paul's, belonging to the Church of England, and Saint Jolin's. erected under the auspices of the Roman Catholic community. The metropolitan Cathe- dral of Saint Andrew is a handsome building in the later Perpendicular style of architecture, and the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Saint Mary is also a fine structure. Xoteworthy are the resi- dence of the Governor, the museum, the National Art Gallery, the exchange, the custom-house, the town hall, the new post-oflSce. the public gram- mar school, and the theatres. Sydney has sev- eral mechanics' institutes. There are fine botanical gardens, and a number of public parks, of which Hyde Park is the chidf. Water is brought from a point on the Nepean River, 63 miles distant, and stored in a large reservoir at Parramatta. The water-works, ab- attoirs, and street railways are municipal prop- erty. The manufactures comprise wagons, glass, pottery, boots and shoes, carriages, stoves, and tobacco, and there are car-shops, distilleries, and breweries. At various points within a radius of from 30 to 100 miles large quantities of coal are mined for colonial consumption as well as for export. Its central position makes Sydney the permanent emporium of the British dependencies in the Southern Hemisphere. It maintains its position as the exclusive outlet for the productions and commerce of extensive pastoral and mineral districts on the northwest, west, and southwest. The first party of British settlers (convicts) that reached Australia were landed at Botany Bay on January 20, 1788. The spot which had been selected being found unsuitable, it was abandoned a few days afterwards, and the infant settlement was transferred to a point about 7 miles farther to the north, the place where .Sydney now stands. The choice of the new local- ity was chieHy determined by the circumstance of a stream of fresli water found there, Mowing into the deep inlet known as S^'dne.y Cove, one of the numerous bays into which the basin of Port .lack- son is divided. After the abolition of convict transportation the growth of Sydney was rapid. The installation here, on January 1, 1001. of Earl Hopetoun as first Governor-General of the Aus- tralian Commonwealth consummated the federa- tion of Australia. The population of municipal Sydney in 1001 was 111,801 ; of the city with its suburbs, 488,908. SYDNEY, Algeb>^o:<^. An English states- man. See Sidney, Algernon. SYDOW, ze'do, Emil vox (1812-73). A dis- tinguished German cartographer, born at Frei- berg, Saxony. He entered the Prussian army in 1820, taught geography, and in 1838 began to publish his excellent school-room maps. Detailed to Berlin in 1843 as a member of the Military Examination Committee, he was subsequent!}' in- trusted with the geographical lectures at the Military Academy, wiiich he resumed in 1860, having in the meanwhile lived retired at Gotha since 1855. Attached to the great general staff, he was made director of the geographic-.statisti- eal department in 1867 and colonel in 1870. His cartograpliic work, nearly all translated also into foreign languages, comprises: Mrthodischer Bandntlas fur das wissenschaftUchc Stndium (Icr Erdkinnlr. 30 maps (4th ed. 1870) : Schid- atlas ill .',.- Pliitfcrn (32d ed. 1880) ; new ed. by Wagner, entitled Si/don'-Wagner, Methodischer Schulatlns, 63 main and 50 accessory maps (10th ed. 1002) ; Oro-htjdrograpluscher Atlas. 25 maps : and others. He also contributed many articles to various periodicals, notably the re- ports ''Ueber den kartographischen Standpunkt Europas," to Petermanns Mitteiluntien (1857- 72). and created the valuable book of reference Rcnisfrandr der riroflrnphisch-statistlsclicn Abtci- Iiinfj drs Grossen Oencralstabs (Berlin, 1870-83). SYENE, si-e'ne. The ajicient name of Assuan ( q.v. ) . a town of Egypt. SYENITE (Lat. suenites. from Sjiene. from Gk. IvijvTi. a locality in Upper Egypt). An igneous rock of granitic texture, composed es- sentially of alkali feldspar and mica, hornblende, or augite ( mica syenite, hornblende syenite, augite syenite). Its average composition is: sil- ica. 50 per cent.: alumina, 17 per cent.: oxides of iron, 7 per cent.; magnesia. 37 per uent.: oxide of lime, 5 per cent.; oxide of sodium. 4 per cent.; oxide of potassium. 5 per cent. From gi-anite syenite differs in containing little or no free silica (quartz).