Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/881

* SWOBDFISHING. 767 SYDENHAM. Industries, see. i. { Washin<;fton, 1884) ; Haider, Marrcls of Animal Life (New York, 1885). SYB'ARIS (Lat., from Gk.2iJj3opis). A cele- brated Greek colony in .Magna Gratia (q.v.). It was situated in iioitheasterii Itrutliuni, between the river Crathis (Cnilij and Syl)aris (t'osei/e), aliout tliree miles from the Talent iiie gulf. It was founded by Aelia'ans and Tru'/.enians at an early period in the colonization of ilagna Grsecia, and it soon acquired control of territory extending en- tirely across the peninsula. Sybaris was a great mercantile city, with strong democratic ten- dencies. The wealth and luxury of the inhabi- tants became proverbial. Of the history of the city almost nothing is known, but during the sixth century B.C. it had attained a circumference of more than five miles, and ranked with Miletus as one of the most powerful and wealthy of Grecian cities. The party strife wdiich disturbed so many of the Greek mercantile communities raged here also, and toward the end of the cen- tury we find the city in the hands of a tyrant. Telys, supported by the popular party. A Cro- tonian noble who married Tclys's daughter was exiled by his townsmen, and they also gave asylum to a large body of the banished nobles of Sybaris. The refusal of a demand for their surrender led to a war between the two cities, in which the Crntonians, in spite of inferior num- bers, won a great victory, which was followed by internal strife in Syliaris, leading to the easy capture of the city (e..>10 n.c. ). "The victors razed it to the ground and turned the- bed of the Crathis over the site. The few survivors with- drew to their colonies, Seidros and Laos, on the west coast. Excavations in 1879 and 1888 have determined the site of the ancient city, but yielded little else of interest. SYBEL, ze'bel, Heinbich von (1817-95). A German historian, born at Diisseldorf, December 2, 1817. He studied four years at Berlin and at Bonn, and in 1841 published his first work, the Geschichtc des ersten Krrii'ziigs. In 1844 he was made professor extraordinary at Bonn and two years later went to JIarburg as professor in or- dinary. It was there that he wrote his Ge- schichte der RcvoIi(tions:eit roii 1789 his 1195 (1853-58), the most important of his works with one exception. In 185(> he became professor at Mimich, where he instituted the historical com- mission of the Eoyal Bavarian Academy and founded the flistorische Zeitschrift, and in 1861 was appointed professor at Bonn. He was made director of Prussian archives in 1875 and thus had access to the most valuable material for his chief work. Die Befiriiiidung dcs deutschen Reiclts (Munich, 1889-94: trans, by Perrin, Xew York. 1890-97). . Sybel was from 1862 to 1S64 and from 1874 to 'l880 a member of the Prussian Diet, and in 1867 was elected to the Constituent Reichstag of the Xorth German Con- federation. He died at Marburg. August 1. 1895. — His son LrnwiG (1846—) is an archfeologist, professor at ^Marburg since 1S77. and author of: Die Mrith(>lo(iie der Ilitis (1877): Kritik des iirii/ptischen Ornaments (ISS.'?): Weltfiesehiehfe der Kuiist im Altertum (2d ed. 1902), and others. SYCAMORE. The county-seat of Dekalb County. 111.. 52 miles west by north of Chicago: on the Chicago Great Vestern and the Chicago and Northwestern railroads (Map: Illinois, D 2). It is in a farming section, but is important rather for its manufactures, which include farm implements, gray iron castings, insulated wire, canned goods, etc. The water works are owned by the mimicipality. Population, in 1890, 2987; in 1900, .'UI.'jG. SYCAMORE, or SYCOMORE (OF., Fr. syeo- more, fr<im Lat. sinainonis, from Gk. avK6iiopos, sykomoros, nuilberry-tree, from oOkop, sykon, fig + n6pop, moron, fiuipov, moron, black mul- berry), b'icus. A genus of generally large, long- lived trees of the natural order Morace.e. mostly natives of Africa and Asia. The Egj'ptian syca- more {Ficiis sycomorus), supposed to be the sycamore of the Bible, is a large spreading tree often planted for shade in Egypt and Western Asia, where it is abundant in forests. The figs are top-shaped, and grow in clustered racemes on the trunk and oldest branches. They are sweet, well-flavored, and somewhat aromatic. The sycamore of Western Europe is a species of maple (q.v.) ; those of North America are vari- ous species of plane (ij.v. ). SYCAMORE INSECTS. The sycamore or plane tree is comparatively free from in- sect attack, for although several caterpillars feed upon the leaves of the tree, none seems specifi- cally confined to it. The leaves sometimes turn brown and fall from the attacks of colonies of one of the lace-bugs (Corythiica fimhriata) , and the seed-balls are attacked by a true bug {Uela- nochilKS numideiis). which punctures the leaves and passes the winter in a half-grown condition thrust down between the seeds in the ball. Only one borer seems specifically confined to this tree, but Chaleophora eampestris is found burrowing into dead limbs and trunks, and may hasten the death of an otherwise diseased tree. Consult Packard, Insects Injurious to Forest Trees (Washington, 1890). SYCOSIS (Neo-Lat.. from Gk. irCKwo-it. .s-.y- kosis, fig-like excrescence on the flesh, from cuKov. sykon, fig). A skin disease characterized by an eruption of pustules or papules, each one pierced by a hair, generally limited to the bearded face. It is, in common with impetigo faciei and tinea, harhw. called 'barber's itch.' It is caused by the entrance into the hair follicles of a variety of .staphylococcus, either albus, aureus, or citreus. Acne or eczema may be mistaken for it. Zinc, oil of cade, carbolic acid, ichthyol, sulphur, and betanaphthol are all recommended for its relief. SYDENHAM, sid'cn-cim. A residential sec- tion and Parliamentary svib-district of Lewisham Borough, metropolitan London. 8 miles southeast of Saint Paul's Cathedral (Jlap: London and vicinity, F 8). It is of world-wide celebrity in connection with the Crystal Palace (q.v.), which was rcerected here in 1854. Population, in 1891, 34.100; in inoi, 43,630. SYDENHAM, Thomas (1624-89). A great English physician, born at Winford Eagle, edu- cated at Xiagdalen Hall, Oxford, at All ."fouls' College, and at Montpellier, France. He received his degree in medicine from Cambridge, and in about 1650 estal)lished himself in |)racticein Lon- don, and soon became the foremost physician of liis time. .-Mthough his name is inseparably con-