Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/867

* SWINE. 757 SWITHIN. ca. The type-genus is Sus, of which the wild boar (see Boar) of Europe and Asia is the most pruiiiiiient species. India and the -.Malayan re- gion luive together tiiree other species, and West- ern Africa possibly a litth. The African wart- liugs (q.v.) include two species of the genua Pliacucluerus, distinguished from Sus prineipully by the huge tusks and great protuberances on the face. The Celebesian babirussa (q.v.) represents alone another genus ; and the African river-hoga close the list with two species. One genus and two species enumerate the peccaries. See Hog for an account of domestic races. Fossil forms of the genus Sus are known in rocks of iliddle Jlioeene to Pleistocene time in Europe, India, and Africa. The earliest repre- sentatives of the hog family appear in the Eocene of both North America and Europe, and the group reached an important stage of evolution in late Tertiary time. One notable genus, not. how- ever, in the direct line of pig ancestry, is Elothe- rium of the Miocene, which was about the size of a rhinoceros, with large heavy head, massive shoulders, and small hindbody and narrow chest, and the body sujiported on stilted legs that ter- minated in two-toed feet. SWINEMUNDE, sve'nc-mun'dc. A strongly fortified port and fashionable resort on the Baltic Sea, in the Province of Pomerania, Prussia, on the island of Usedom, 37 miles north-north- west of Stettin (Map: Germany, F 2). The Swine here connects the Stettiner Ilaff with tile sea. The harbor is fine. Nearly 5000 vessels of 1,700,000 tons cleared the port in 18l)!». The town has valuable fisheries. Population, in 1900, 10.251. SWINE PLAGUE. A reputed contagious disease of hogs attributed to the action of a specific organism. For remedial, preventive, and sanitary measures, see Hoc: Cholera. SWING, David (1830-94). An American preacher, born in Cincinnati. He graduated at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, in 1852, and be- gan to study theology, but for twelve years, be- ginning in 1853, he filled the position of professor of languages in his college. In 1866 he was called to the Fourth Presbyterian Church in Chicago and soon became one of the prominent clergy- men of that city. In 1874 he was tried for heresy and acquitted, but, as a consequence, he resigned his pastorate and withdrew from the Presby- terian ministry. Many of his congregation sym- pathized with him and a new church was or- ganized, meeting at first in a theatre and later in the Central JIusic Hall, where Dr. Swing con- tinued to preach to one of the largest congre- gations in Cliicago till his death. His preach- ing, though diverging from the verbal standards of 'orthodo.xy,' was essentially evangelical and spiritual, as well as marked by intellectual power, SWIN'TON. A manufacturing town in York- shire, pjUglanil. 4 miles north-northeast of Uoth- erham (Map: England, E 3). It has railway, iron, glass, and pottery works. Population, in 1891, 070.-1; in 1001, 12,217. SWINTON, William (1833-92). A Scotch- American author, born near Edinburgh, He came to America in 1843 and studied at Knox Collece, Toronto, and at Amherst College, with a view to the Presbyterian ministry. Giving np this intention, he became professor in a woman's seminary at Greensboro, N. C, and subsequently in iMount Washington College, New York. On the outbreak of the t;ivil War he was sent to the front as war correspondent for the New York Willies, and served principally with the Army of the Potomac, of whose career he was afterwards a historian. In 1869 he was appointed professor of belles-lettres in the University of California. .Vmong his publications are: Haiiiblcs Among Wuids (1859) ; Campaigns of the Army of the I'otomac (1864, rev. 1880) : The Twelve Decisive Balllcs of the War (1867); and several text- books, including a Condensed Uintory of the Vnil(d Staffs (1871) and Outlines of the World's llistorii (1874). SWINTON AND PENDLEBURY, pi!n'd'l- ber-i. A town in Lancashire, England, five miles northwest of Manchester. Cotton manufacture and brickmaking arc its chief industries. Popu- lation, in 1801, 21,(i7; in lOOl, 27,001. SWISS FAMILY ROBINSON. A story by the Swiss writer .1. R. Wyss, t)egun by his father and published by him under the title Der Scliiccizcrische Robinson. It is the account of a family wrecked on an uninhabited island, wdiose wants are provi<led for bv the most remarkable resources of the island. The tale is based on the idea of Rohiiison Cnisoc, ami has been widely popular in many languages. SWISS GUARD. A famous regiment of royal body-guards in France, composed exclu.sivc- ly of Swiss. This regiment was first constituted by royal decree in 1616, Tlu'ir fidelity was ab- solute and on the outbreak of the Revolution of 1789 they were the object of special animosity on the part of the Parisian mob. On August 10, 1792, the Swiss Guards were called on to defend the palace of the Tuileries against the revolu- tionary mob. After a gallant resistance in the face of overwhelming numbers, the Swiss were ordered to lay down their arms, whereupon most of them were massacred by the infuriated as- sailants and those who escajied did so with the greatest difliculty. It is estimated that nearly 800 Swiss Guards were slain on that day. It is in memory of their heroic conduct and brave death that the famous Lion of Lucerne (q.v.), designed by Thorwaldsen, was carved in the face of a cliff at Lucerne, Switzerland. A feeble effort to re- constitute the Swiss Guards was made in 1815, and a body bearing that name was organized. But it was a poor imitation of the old corps and was easily dispersed by the revolutionists in 1830. Consult: Pollio et Marcel, l.e halaillon du 10 aoiU (Paris, 1881): Ternaux, Histoire de la Terreur (8 vols.. Paris, 1863-81): Morse Stephens. The French Revolution (2 vols., Lon- don, 1886-91). SWITCHBACK. See Railways. SWITCHMEN'S UNION OF NORTH AMERICA. See Railway Brothlrhoods. SWITHIN, swiTn'in (or, more correctly, SwiTHUN), Saint (?-802). An English ecclesi- astic of the ninth centtiry, who was chaplain to King Egbert, and tutor to his son Ethelwulf, In 852 he was consecrated Bishop of Winchester and made one of Ethelwulf's chief councilors. The origin of the tribute called "Peter's Pence' ( q,v. ) has been often assigneil to him. an<l he is said to have procireil an .ict of the Witenage- mot enforcing for the fist time the universal