Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/851

* SWEDEN. 748 SWEDEN. Finance. The sources and amount of rev- enue and the exi)enditures for 1902 and 1903 were as follows : blind, medical, militar5', agricultural, veterinary, forestry, weaving, mining, and other special .schools. In 1900 the expenditure on elementary BEVESrE 1902 1903 EXPESIMTURE 1902 1908 PomaiDS, railways, land taxes, etc. ruHtoms Kronor 21.r.7S.000 IQ.iKKl.OOO 12,400.0110 6.50O.(KH) 30.000.000 10.500,niM( 'j.tmt.iiiHi 24,165,000 Kronor 26.546,000 4 S. 500, 000 13.340,000 G. 500.000 32.lKtO,lHtO 2l"..y5U.tHHI 2.71f..'->lH» 15,yi6,000 (a) Ordinary: Kronor 1.321.000 3,852.4'20 652.050 33.77.1.094 10.4i;i.982 19,319.100 13.721.011 7.299.S21 4,(3»0.'.1I5 3,649,115 Kronor 1 321,000 Post 3,911,815 stamps 659 150 Impost on spirits, beet sugar, etc. Army 37,204.000 Tax nn iiifiomos. etc 11,865,917 Set profit of the National Bank... Surplus from the previous years... Interior KducatioQ and ecclesiaetfcal affairs 26,015,315 14.115.333 7,;)38,705 Agriculture 4.8.">9.000 3 7H6.(»3'i 98,732.508 110.078,067 43.872.492 40,466,033 (c) Expenditure through the Ulks- gjildskontor: Payment of loans and mlscel- 11,888,000 1,400,000 250,000 13,774.100 Carrled to floating capital Fund for insurance against in- validity of vorkMi»*n ... 6,500,000 1,400 000 Fund for iusuranci- against ac- cidents of workmen, etc 260,000 Total revenue 166,143.000 172.468,200 156,143,000 172 468 200 On January 1, 1902, the public liabilities, con- tracted entirely for railroads, were 349,132,333 kronor, bearing interest at from 3 to 4 per cent. All loans are paid off gradually by means of sinking funds. WeI(1HT.S, JlEAStJEES, AND MoNET. Gold is the standard of value. The krona. the unit of coin- age, is worth 26 7-10 cents. The metric sys- tem of weights and measures became obligatory in 1889. Army and Navy. See articles Abmies and NAVIE.S. Population. The population, a<?eording to the census of 1901, was 5.175,228. The density of population is 30 to the square mile. Tlie growth of population has been as follows: in 1800, 2.347,.'503; in 1840, 3,138,887; in 1870, 4,168.525; and in 1890, 4,784,981. The emi- gration, chiefly to America, has been large for many }ears, and since 1894 has varied from 8000 to 19.000 a year. Religion. The Lutheran Protestant Church is recognized as the State religion, and most of the people are professors of that faith, its adher- ents numbering 4.735.218 in 1800. Other Prot- estants numbered 44.375 and there were a few followers of the Konian Catlinlic and other faiths. In the State Church are 12 bishopries and 2572 parishes. Edi'Cation. Education is maintained at a high level. It is under the control of the Gov- ernment, is compulsory, and practically all the inhabitants of school age and over can re.ad and write. The secondary schools and the univer- sities are modeled nn the German system. In 1902 there were 1434 students in the fniversity at Upsala and 044 in the T'niversity at Lund. The schools included in 1901: 79 public high schools. 18.085 pupils: 29 people's higli schools, 1510 pupils; 14 nnrmal schools for elementary teachers, 1325 pupils: 2 high and elementary technical schools; 10 navigation schools. 729 pupils ; and besides schools for deaf mutes and the education was 23,097,740 kronor, of which about one-fourth came from the national treasury. Ethnology. The Swedes belong to the Scan- dinavian branch of the Teutonic stock. TJieir average stature is 1.705 meters, classing them among the tall races; the average cephalic in- dex is 78.2. The Swedes are blondes, sturdy and robust. In the settlement of Sweden the Goths or Gotar were the first conquerors of whom history tells. They occupied the south- ern parts, and following them came the Svear, who overran the rest of the country and gave their name to the Svenskar or Swedes of to- day. The Dalecarlians are thought to preserve best the type of the Svear; they are described as tall, slender, and agile, with blue eyes and broad, open brow, courteous, cheerful, an<l firm, and with a wide reputation for honesty. History. Tacitus in the Cermania tells of the two great Germanic tribes in the Scandinavian peninsula, the Suiones, or Swedes, in the north, and the Gotliones, or Goths, in the south. These two, like other rival Germanic tribes, seem to have been generally at war with each other, and it was not until about the fourteenth centui-y th.tt the country was really organized and unified through the cessation of jealfiusy between the two sections. The ancient Swedisli peojile had a bond of union in their religion and a connnon sanctiiary at I'psala, which was the early centre of Swedish nationality. The history of Sweden previous to the tenth century is wrapped in ob- scurity. In the first half of the ninth century Ansgar fq.v.). a Frankish missionary, came to Sweden from Denmark, and tiegan the teaching of Christi;inity, which slowly became established in the cotuitry. t'nder Eric the Saint (lliiO-fiO) the Swedish power was strengthened and ex- tended and Christianity with it. Churches were built anrl monasteries founded. Eric carried Christianity into Finland with the sword and established Swedish settlements in that country, whose subjugation, however, was not completed