Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/831

* SUSSEX. 729 SUTRA. tie-raising. Thick beds of gypsum are worked at Xetherliold. Capital. Chichester. SUSSMANN-HELLBORN, ziis'iiiiin hol'- bOrn. Loui.s (1S2S — ). A Gorman sculptor, born in Herlin, where he studied under Wredow and settled in 1857 after a sojourn in Rome (1852- 51)). Of his genre and mythological subjects, a "Drunken Faun" (1850) and "Sleeping Beauty" He in the National Gallery, while his monu- liental work is represented by statues of "Fred- erick the Great in Youth" '(18t)'2), City Hall, Breslau ; "Frederick the Great in Mid-age" and Frederick William III. (both 1869), City Hall, Berlin : "Holbein" and "Peter Vischer," both in the Art-Industrial Jluseum, Berlin, which he helped to establish in 18157. He was artistic di- rector of the Royal Porcelain Factory in 1882-87. SUTECH, soo'tek. An Egyptian deity. See Set. SUTH'ERLAND. A northern county of Scotland, bounded on the east by Caithness and the North Sea, on the north and 'west by the Atlantic, and on the south by Ross and Cromarty (Jlap: Scotland, D 1). Area, 2028 square miles; population, in 1891, 21,896; in 1901, 21,440. The coast line is 60 miles in extent, and the shores, rugged on the north and west, where they are broken by the force of the Atlantic, are com- paratively flat on the east. The southern and central regions of Sutherland are the most ele- vated; the principal mountain peaks are Ben More in Assynt (3273 feet) and Ben Clibrigg (3154 feet). The chief rivers arc the Oikel and the Shin. Extensive moors stretch across the county ; and the rivers and lakes, the chief of which is Loch Shin, form numerous low-lying valleys or straths. In the eastern districts the soil is very fertile, yielding all kinds of agricul- tural produce. Coal, granites of various colors, marble, limestone, etc., are found; there are good salmon, herring, and other fisheries. The capital is Dornoch.. SUT'LEJ, or SATLEJ. The chief tributary of the Indus. It rises in the southern part of Tiliet near the sources of the Indus and the Brahmaputra, and. after breaking through the main range of the Himalayas, it flows southw'est through the great arid plains of the Punjab, join- ing the Indus in the southwesten part of that province after a course of about 950 miles (Map: India, B 3). After passing through Lake Ma- nasarowar (q.v. ) the river, whose upper course is very rapid, flows through a series of lofty and highly picturesque mountain valleys. In the low 'doabs' of the Punjali its waters are largely used for irrigation, but its volume is nevertheless al- most equal to that of the Indus. The Sutlej is the eastern and southernmost of the 'Five Rivers of the Punjab,' the other four being its two main triljutaries, the Beas and the Chenab, together with two branches of the latter. Below the confluence of the Beas the river is known as the Ghara, and its lowest course, after receiving the Chenab, is called the Panjnad, or Five Rivers. SUTRA, sHo'tra (Skt., thread, string, clew). In Sanskrit literature, the technical name of more or less brief, aphoristic rules, and works consisting of such rules. The si'itra style of writ- ing is preeminently the scientific style of India. The object of the sutras is to supply a short sur- vc' of the facts of any given science in a form so brief that the wliole theme may be memorized. In the later works of this class brevity and al- lusiveness are carried to such an excess that, but for the aid of conmientaries which regularly accompany' them, they would be obscure and sometimes absolutely xmintelligible. Prolialily this peculiar style of writing originated with the methods of teaching which have prevailed in India from the earliest time. The school work is purely mnemonic; the teacher recites, and the pupil learns by heart piecemeal. It seems, there- fore, likely that the sutras were intended as me- morial sentences which the pupil had to learn by heart, in order to obtain a grasp of the outline of his subject, as well as the fuller explanation which his teacher appended to it orally. The importance of the sutras will be under- stood from the fact that they form in very early times the standard medium of most of the ritual, legal, grammatical, metrical, and philosophical literature. The ritual sutras, known as krauta Sutras and (Irhya Sutras, are systematic com- pendiums of the priestly sacrifices and the home- lier religious practices of the houselioldpr respec- tively. The Dharma Sutras, the oldest sources of Indian law, are also rooted in the Veda (q.v.l. There is another class of Vedic sutras, concerned with religioiis practice, the ttuJra Sutras, of which class the last chapter of the great Vedic siitra collection of the school of Apastamba is an example. There are practical manuals giving the measurements of the altars, and so forth. They show quite an advanced knowledge of geometry, and constitute the oldest Indian mathematical works. In addition, the systematic study of the Vedas, which was prompted by the increasing difficulty of understanding and preserving the hymns, produced a series of ancillary Vedic sciences in stiira style, the so-called six V('(liiu(/as or 'members of the Veda.' These are siksCi, or phonetics, chandas, or metrics, ryul;arana, or grammar, nirukta, or etymology, kalpa, or reli- gious practice, and jyOtisa, or astronomy. The most important class of these texts, belonging to the class sikss, phonetics, are the Pratimkhya, Sutras, which deal with accentuation, pronunci- ation, and other matters, but are chiefly con- cerned with the phonetic changes undergone by Vedic words when coml)ined in a sentence. Their observations are so minute and acute as to ap- juoach the best results of the modern science of ]dionetics, and they are unrivaled in their way in the whole history of antiquity. A still more im- portant branch of sfitra literature is grammar, in which the Hindus again surpass all nations of antiquity. Little has been preserved of the pre- liminary stages of grammar. The student of na- tive Sanskrit grammar, therefore, enters at once upon the intricate structure which bears the name of Panini (q.v.). His systematic analysis of words into roots, suffixes, and inflexional ele- ments has been adopted with unimportant changes by modern European scientific grammar. Later systematic philosophy, which has grown up on the basis of the theosophic hymns of the Veda and the Vpanishads (q.v.). also adopts the sutra style of presentation in the six systems of philosophy. Even so remote a theme as erotics is in the KiimaKutra, or 'Love Sutra.' of Vatsya- yana. naively treats this subject in the set form "of sutra rules. In one quarter, however, the siltra has abandoned its typical style and has