Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/825

* SURREY. r23 SURVEYING. Lord Thomas Howard, alHrmed third Duke of Norfolk. His youth was spent in Franco, and at the Court of Henry VIII., and lie received a care- ful classical education. He was made a knight of the Garter in 1541, and in 1543 joined the English army in France, where by his gallantry and feats of arms he gained the title of field marshal. He captured Boulogne, was made its Governor, and gained other victories, but was re- called to England after some slight reverses at Saint-Etienne. His inlluence at Court was no longer so powerful as in the life of his youthful friend and companion the Duke of Richmond, Henry's natural son, and charges of treasonable ambition in aspiring to the royal succession were constantly urged against Surrey and his father by the Hertford faction. In 1540 the two were arrested; Norfolk was sent to the Tower, and Surrey, on the most trivial charge, was beheaded in 1547. Though not primarily a man of letters, his work in that field left a more abiding impres- sion than his exploits as a soldier. He wrote many amatory verses and elegies in the Italian manner, but his chief service to English litera- ture la}' in the insight with which he enriched its poetry by the introduction of the verse forms which had already received a higher development in Italy. His translation of two books of the .iJneid gave the language its most powerful and characteristic poetic form, blank verse; and the sonnet which Shakespeare used, consisting of three quatrains and a couplet, was also introduced by Surrey. The peculiar excellence of his work was in the insight with which he not only adopted but also adapted these forms, making them harmonize with the genius of the English language. The best known edition of his verse and that of Wyatt, including a memoir, is by Xott (London, 1815-16; new ed. 1871) ; there is also the Arber reprint of Tottel's ilisccUan;/, in which the work of both of them first appeared. Consult also an essay in Hales, Folia Literaria (London, 18113). SURROGATE (Lat. surrofiatiis, siibrogaliis, p.p. of suhrogare, sitrrogare, to substitute, from stib, under + rogtirc, to ask). A judicial officer having jurisdiction over the probate of wills, the administration and settlement of decedents' es- tates, and in some States the power to appoint and supervise guardians of infants and other legally incompetent persons. As the derivation of the name indicates, a surrogate was formerly the substitute or representative of another of- ficial. Originally in England the ecclesiastical courts had jurisdiction of all the matters above mentioned, and as their business increased it be- came necessary for the bishops to delegate some one to act in their places. These substitutes were at first ecclesiastical., and at a later period lawyers, and were known as surrogates. In 1857 the probate jurisdiction of the surrogates wag transferred to the Court of Probate and Divorce. Prior to the Revolution the Governors of the various American colonies were accustomed to appoint surrogates to represent them in matters of probate and administration of estates. In New York and several other States to-day the surrogate of a county is an independent judicial ofllcer. The jurisdiction of a surrogate is usual- ly confined to the probate of wills, the adminis- tration of the estates of persons dying intestate, and the appointment of guardians for infants and other incompetent persons. Incidentally they must hear contests of wills, and controversies over the descent and distribution of property of decedents. iliey exercise a close supervision over the conduct of guardians' atfairs, and the latter may apply to them for advice in case of doubt on any matter pertaining to their trusts. Proceedings before a surrogate are conducted with practically the same formality as in other courts. An appeal from the decisions of surro- gates will lie to appellate courts. Surrogates correspond to proliale judges and judges of widows' and orphans' courts in some States. See COUUT.S ; Pkouate Col'kt; and consult the au- thorities there referred to. SURTEES, sflr'tez, Robert (1779-1834). An English antiquary, born at Durham. He gradu- ated B.A. from Christ Oiureh, Oxford, in 1800; then studied law at the Middle Temple. On the death of his father (1802) he gave up the law and settled on the family estate at Jlainsforth, a small village in the County of Durham, where he lived in retirement. Surtecs devoted his life to his History of Durliam (vol. i. 1816; vol. ii. 1820; vol. iii. 1823; vol. iv., ed. by James Raine, 1840). This is a careful and exhaustive work, and is written in a readable style. Surtees was also an adept at composing Ijallads which were playfully palmed off as ancient. Scott himself was deceived by I'he Death of Feathcrstotiehaugh, which was inserted in the Minstrclsi/ of the Scot- tisli Border. As a memorial, the Surtees So- ciety was established in 1834 at Durham for publishing unedited manuscripts bearing on the history of the northern counties of England from the earliest period to the Restoration. Consult the Life of Surtees, by G. Taylor (Surtees So- ciety, Durham, 1852)." SURVEY. See Surveying; Geodesy; Coast AND Geodetic Survey, United States; Geo- LouicAL Survey, United States. SURVEYING (from survey, from AF. skt- vecr, surroir, from Lat. supervidere, to overlook, oversee, from super, above -f- videre, to see). The art of ascertaining by measurement the shape and size of any portion of the earth's surface, and representing the same on a reduced scale on maps in a conventional manner. Surveying is supposed to have originated in EgA'pt, where property boundaries were annually obliterated by the inundations of the Nile. In Rome surveying was considered one of the liberal arts, and the measurement of lands was intrusted to public officers {agrimeiisores) who enjoyed certain privi- leges; and it is probable that the system of measurement practiced by them w'as similar to the cruder methods of plane surveying practiced at the present time. The higher development of surveying method is of comparatively recent date. Surveys are broadly separated into two classes, determined by the extent of the area surveyed. Most surveys comprise the measurement of com- paratively small areas in which all practical re- finements are met if we consider the areas abso- lute planes, neglecting the curvature of the earth's surface. The methods of measuring such areas is usually denominated plane surveying. Certain surveys of modern times, however, in- clude areas so large that it is necessary to take into account the curvature of the earth's sur- face, and the methods of measuring such areas are termed geodetic surveying or geodesy (q.v.).