Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/824

* SURGICAL ASSOCIATION. 722 SURGICAL ASSOCIATION, Amebican. A society founded in ISSO for the primary purpose of cultivating and improving the science and art of surgery. Tlie active membersliip is limited to 125 fellows; the honorary membership to 25 fellows. An applicant to be eligible for fel- lowship must be thirty years old, a graduate of five 'ears' standing from a recognized medical college, and have an established reputation as a practitioner, author, or investigator. The meet- ings of the association are held annually. Every third year the association joins with the con- stituent associations of the Congress of Ameri- can Physicians and Surgeons in a meeting held in Washington, D. C. An annual volume of Transactions is published containing the papers presented at each meeting. SURICATE. The meerkat (q.v.). SURIGAO, soo're-ga'u. A province of Min- danao, Philippine Islands, occupying the north- eastern portion of the island, and bounded on the west and south by the provinces of Misamis and Dflvao (Map: Philippine Islands, K 11). Area, 13,201 square miles. The greater part is covered with forests, and the river forms almost the only means of communication, most of the towns being situated on its banks. Cot- ton, hemp, rice, sugar, and tobacco are raised, and betelnuts and cocoanuts are exported. Popu- lation, estimated in 1901, at 85,125, largely Visayans. Capital, Surigao (q.v.). SURIGAO, Str.IT of. The strait connecting the Sulu Sea with the Pacific Ocean, extending between the island of Mindanao on the south and the islands of Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, and Saniar on the north (ilap: Philippine Islands, K 10). SURINAM, soo're-niim'. A river of Dutch Guiana. It rises in the south central part of the country, and flows northward, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean through an estuary three miles wide, on whose shore lies the town of Paramaribo. Length, 400 miles. It is navigable 40 miles for the largest vessels, and 100 miles for ships drawing 10 feet. Near its mouth it is joined by the Cottiea River, a navigable chan- nel running 100 miles parallel with the coast and connecting with the mouth of the Maroni. SURINAM. A Dutch colony in South Ameri- ca. See GriANA. SURINAM TOAD. See Pipa. SURMULLET (OF., Fr. surmiilet, from sur, sor, saur, reddish + mulct, diminutive of muUe, from Lat. muUus, red mullet). One of certain species of mullets found for the most part in the tropical seas. The striped red surmullet (Mnlliis sin-miile1iis). attaining a weight of six to eight pounds, is sometimes abundant on the coasts of Europe. A very similar species {MtiUus aurains). about eight inches long, occurs along our Atlantic coast, particularly toward the south. See Plate of Mullets and Allies. SURNAME (OF,. Fr. surnotn, from ML. supernomcn, surname, additional name, from Lat. super, above, over •- nomen, name). In modern usage, the family name, as distinguished from the given or individual name. Many are based on personal peculiarities, as William Ru- fus, .John Lackland, and are consequently origi- nal!}' mere epithets. Another class is patro- nymic, indicating of whom the person bearing the SURREY. name is a son. Here belong the numerous names like Johnson, Thompson, Williamson. This form of surname prevailed especially in Scandinavian countries, and survived in Denmark until the middle of the nineteenth century, when it was replaced by the system of family names. A third class is given by the occupation or place of residence. Surnames were not generally used as family names until the thirteenth century. See Coti.xoMEN. SURPLICE (OF., Yr.surpUs, from ML. super- pelliccuni, surplice, from Lat. super, above, over + ML. pcUicia, fur garment, pelisse, from Lat. pelliceus, made of skin, from pellis, skin). A linen vestment worn in the Roman Catholic Church by all ecclesiastics in choir except the officiants of the mass, and by the clergy of the Anglican communion; also, in both churches, by laymen and boys who sing in the choir or assist at the altar. The shape of the vestment in meditpval days was long and flowing; the modern tendency has been to rediice its size so that it usually comes little below the waist. The Italian name colta is frequently applied to the modern vestment. SURRENDER. In law, the giving up or abandonment of an estate for life or years in real property to the person next entitled to the re- mainder or reversion, with intent to merge the lesser estate in the greater. This dift'ers from renunciation (q.v.), which is practically the re- fusal to receive an estate to which one is legally entitled. A valid surrender can only be made by an adult person of sound mind. Under the Statute of Frauds in most States, a surrender i'ji. fact, that is, by agreement, can only be made in writing. Thus, the mere cancellation or de- struction of the instrument creating the estate will not operate ipso facto as a surrender. How- ever, a surrender may take place by ojicration of law. Thus, where the landlord accepts another person as tenant; Avhere the landlord takes pos- session of the premises to his own use ; or whei'e the tenant accepts a new lease for the same premises, these acts will be construed as a sur- render by operation of law. The legal effect of a surrender is to terminate the relation of land- lord and tenant, and to discharge the latter from liability for future rent, though not for rent al- ready accrued. See Landlord and Tenant, and authorities there referred to. SUR'REY. A southeastern inland county of England, bounded on the north by Middlesex, and on the east by Kent (Map: England, F 5). Area, 758 square miles: population, in 1891, 1,731,343; in 1901, 2.008,923. The surface is hilly and diversified, with a northern sloire toward the'Thames. The principal streams are the Mole and Wey, tributaries of the Thames. The north- ern half of the county along the valley of the Thames is fertile and largely cultivated, hops, wheat, and the ordinary crops being raised ; mar- ket gardening constitutes a lucrative industry. In the west and southwest the land is to a great extent covered with heath. The numerous manu- factures include silk, cloth, leather, paper, pot- tery, and beer, Lambeth. Southwark, and other portions of southern metropolitan London are in the county, which is a favorite suburban resi- dential section of London business men, SURREY, Henry Howard, Earl of (c.1517- 47). An English soldier and poet, son of