Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/797

* STTMNER. 695 SUMPTUARY LAWS. in 1856 by another on "The Crime Against Kan- sas." in which he reflected severely uiioii Sen.ator Butler of South Carolina. This arrai^'uincnt led to an assault in the Senate Chamber upon Sum- ner by Preston Brooks (q.v.). a Soutliern Repre- sentative and a relative of Butler, with the re- sult that Sumner was so injured that he was incapacitated for Senatorial service for nearly four years. The attack led, indeed, to the dis- ease to which Suumer finally succumbed. In December, 1859. he resumed his seat, but took little part in the debates until the middle of IStjO, when he delivered a s]ieech on "The Bar- barism of Slavery." From the beginning he was recognized as one of the leading men in the Re- publican Party. In 18ijl he became chair- man of the Senate Committee on Foreign Re- lations, and made a nimiber of able speeches on questions of foreign concern during the war, notably on the Trent Affair (q.v.). He held the chairmanship of this important committee during ten years of a critical period. He took an active part in the debates on reconstruction measures and allied questions, ably advocating what came to be known as the 'suicide theory' of the status of the South- ern States at the close of the war. (See Ee- CONSTRUCTION.) He Supported the impeachment proceedings agivinst President .Tohnson and se- cured the enactment of a civil rights law to se- cure equality of treatment to negroes in hotels, theatres, etc., which was subsequently declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. He broke with the Grant administration, and in 1872 joined the Liberal Republican movement in advocating the election of Greeley for President. Sumner's Works were published in 15 volumes (Boston, 1874-83). Consult an elaborate Memoir by his friend E. L. Pierce (4 vols., Boston. 1877- 93 ), and a short biography by ISIoorfield Story (Boston, 1900), in the "American Statesmen Series." SUMNER, Edwin Vo.se (1797-1863). An American soldier, born in Boston, Mass. He was educated at Jlilton Academy, entered the United States Army, distinguished himself in the Black Ilawk War, and was eugaged in fight- ing Indians on the Western frontier. In 1838 he was placed in command of the school of cav- alry practice at Carlisle Barracks, Pa. In the Mexican War, before the outbreak of which he had attained the rank of major, he participated in all the engagements of Scott's army in the advance fiom Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico, was wounded while leading a cavalry charge at Cerro Gordo, and for gallantry in holding in check a body of 5000 Jlexican lancers at ilolino del Rey was brevetted colonel. In 1857 he con- ducted a successful campaign against a hostile band of Cheyennes. In March. 1861, he was pro- moted to the rank of brigadier-general, and re- lieved Albert Sidney Jolmston ( q.v. ) of the com- mand of the Department of the Pacific. In the fol- lowing year hewas recalled and placed in command of the First Corps of tlie Army of the Potomac. He distinguished himself in the Peninsular cam- paign, particularly in the battle of Seven Pines (q.v.) ; was twice wounded in the Seven Days' Battles before Richmond; was brevetted major- general in the Regular Army and was appointed major-general of volunteers; and took part in the battle of Antietam, in which he was again wounded. He commanded the right wing of Burtiside's army at Fredericksburg. Relieved at his own request after the appointment of Hooker to siicceed Hurnside, he was assigned to the com- mand of the Department of Missouri, and died suddenly while on his way thither. SUMNER, Increase (1746-99). An American jurist, buiii at Roxbury, Mass. He was educated at Harvard College, where lie graduated in 1767, and studied law in the odice of Sanniel Adams. He was admitted to the bar in 1770, and he was a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1779. In 1782 he was elected to Congress, but at the same time was offered an associate justiceship of the Supreme Court, which he held till 1797. In 1789 he was a member of the con- vention which adopted the Constitution of the United States. In 1797 he was elected Governor of Massachusetts, and held that office during the reniainilcr of his life. SUMNER, William Graham (1840—). An .-Vmerican political economist and educator, born at Paterson, N. J. He graduated at Yale in 1863* studied at Gottingen and Oxford, and was tutor at Yale in 1866-69. Or- dained in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1867, for some time he was assistant at Calvary Church, Xew York, and rector at Jlorristown, N. J. After 1872 he was professor of political and social science at Yale, where he attracted public notice by his pungent and incisive advo- cacy of free trade in lectures, essays, and books. Among his chief publications are: History of American Currency (1874); Lectures on the History of Protection in the United States (1875); Life of Andrew Jackson ("American Statesmen Series") (1882); What Social Classes 0i:e Each Other (1882) ; Essays in Po- litical and Social Sciences (1883) ; Protectionism (1885); Rolert Morris (1891); The Financier and Finances of the American Revolution ( 1892) ; and A History of Banking in the United States (1896). SUMO, soo'md. A Central American linguistic stock. See Ulua. SUMPTUARY LAWS (Lat. sumptuarius, relating to expenditure, from siiniplus, expendi- ture, exijense, from siimere, to take up, choose, apply, spend, from sub, under -+- emerc, to take, buy). Laws to prevent extravagance in private expenditure, and indirectly to ]irevent immoral- ity and crime. The purposes of sumptuary legis- lation may be grouped under the following heads: (1) To prevent poverty and diminish the cost of supi)orting the poor; (2) to increase the possible revenue of the State by diminishing pri- vate expenditure; (3) to prevent luxury when considered an evil; (4) to favor certain com- mercial or political interests: (5) to enforce class distinctions: (0) to prevent the consump- tion of commodities, as liquors and tobacco, which are considered dangerous to health and morals. Sumptuary laws were common in an- cient legislation. I5y means of them Greece en- deavored to inculcate simple habits of life among her people. Women, except prostitutes, were forbidden to wear ex]iensive attire, as gold or embroidered a]i])arel. The laws of Solon forbade costly banquets and funerals. At an early [leriod in Roman history the censors, to whom w,ns in- trusted the superintendence of public and private morality, punished all persons guilty of luxuri-