Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/783

* SULLA. 681 SULLIVAN. gurtim (B.C. IOC). In the campaigns that followed (B.C. 10-t-lOl) against the Cimbri and Teutones, Sulla's reputation continued to rise. For several years after the destruction of the barbarians Sulla lived quietly, taking no part in public affairs: but in B.C. 93 he stood for the pra?tor- ship, and won it by a liberal distribution of niunc}' among the people. Next year he was sent to Cilicia as propra'tor. to replace Ariobarzanes on the throne of Cappadocia, from which he had been driven b3' Jlithridates. In the Social War (q.v.) the successes of Sulla threw those of Marius into the shade, and the mortification of the latter was deep and hitter. In B.C. 88 Sulla was elected consul along with Q. Pomjjeius Kufus, and the senate conferred on him the command of the Mithridatic War. At this Marius, who desired the command for himself, precipitated a civil war. Allying liimsclf with the ti'ibune P. Sulpicius Rufus, a political ad- venturer in difficulties. Marius placed himself at the head of the new Italian party, on whom the rights of Roman citizenship had been con- ferred, and Sulla was compelled to flee to his camp at Nola in Campania. There, finding the soldiers full of enthusiasm, he resolved to lead them against the pseudo-government at Rome. The Marian party was overthrown and Marius (led to Africa. Sulla embarked for the East B.C. 87 and was away four years, but finally forced Mithridates to sue for peace, and returned to Italy B.C. 83. Marius was now dead, but his party was strong in numbers and again in re- volt; yet before the close of B.C. 82 the Marian party in Italy was utterly crushed. In Spain, however, it held out under Sertorius (q.v.). Sulla caused himself to be appointed dictator, an office which he held until B.C. 79. Then followed the fearful period of the proscriptions (B.C. 81) — a virtual 'reign of terror' throughout Italy, the object of which was to extirpate the Marian party. His dictatorship was signalized by the framing of a series of laws the design of vi'hich was to restore the ancient power of the senate and the aristocracy. Sulla spent his last years at his estate at Puteoli, his death being hastenedjby debaucheries. Consult : Beesly, The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla (New York, 1878). SUL'LIVAN, Alexander Martin (1830-8-t). An Irish nationalist, born at Bantry. In 1853 he went to Dublin to become an artist and after- wards took up journalism. As editor of the Nation, the exponent of constitutional agitation, he liecame a formidable opponent of the Fenian cons])iracy. In 1874 he was returned to Parlia- ment as a Home-Ruler from the County of Louth, and from Meath in 1880. He was called to the Irish bar in 1876, and to the English bar in the following year, whereupon he discontinued his work for the Nation and went to England to practice law. He published The Story of Ireland (1870), Neny Ireland (1877), A Nutshell History of Ireland (1883). SULLIVAN, Sir Arthur Seymour (1842- 1900). A distinguished English composer. He was born in London of Irish parents. Sir George Smart accepted him as one of the children of the Chapel Royal, and during the choristership he wrote several anthems. His earliest pub- lished composition was a song "O Israel" (18.55). In 1856, at the age of fourteen. Sullivan suc- ceeded in obtaining the Mendelssohn scholarj^hip, then recently established, and while still holding this scholarship he entered the Royal Academy of Alusie. In 1858 he went to Leipzig, where he studied at the Conservatory. His famous in- cidental nmsic to Shakespeare's Tempest was his last work at the Conservatory, and was first heard in England in 18G'2, a few days after his arrival in the country. After holding organ appointments at Saint Jliehacl's and at Saint Peter's he was appointed professor of tlie piano- forte and ballad-singing at the Crystal Palace School of Art, after which he gave a course of lectures on the tlieory and practice of nuisic at the South Kensington Museum. His first great success in composition was his "Orpheus with His Lute," which was soon followed by "The Lost Chord." He was meanwhile engaged on more serious work, and in 1864 the cantata Kcnil- rorth was produced. Then came the Si/inphony in E (1866), the Orcrture In Memoriam (1866). The Prodiqal Son (1869), Light of the World (1873), The Martyr of Antioch (1880), The Golden Legend (1886), and the grand opera Ivayihoe (1891). He is held in greatest repute, however, for his light opera compositions, a form of writing into which he stumbled by the merest accident. The financial difficulties of the widow and family of a well-known artist on the staff of Punch caused the friends of the de- ceased to organize a "benefit' for which F. 0. Burnand and Sullivan promised to collaborate in a musical piece. Box and Cox was the result, and in seven days it was written, learned, re- hearsed, and performed. The genre thus created became the field in which he achieved greatest success in collaboration with W. S. Gilbert. Be- sides those mentioned his dramatic works are: The Contrabandista (1867). afterwards enlarged as The Chieftain (1894), Thespis (1871). Trial hii Juni and The Zoo (1875). The Sorcerer (1877)." H. M. S. Pinafore (1878), Pirates of Penzance (1880), Patience (1881), lolanfhe (1882), Princess Ida (1884), The Mikado (1885), Ruddiqore (1887). The Yeomen of the Guard (1888), The Gondoliers (1889). Baddon Hall (1892), Utopia (1893), The Grand Duke (1806), The Heautii Stone (1898). The Rose of Persia (1899). and The [Emerald Isle (1901). In 1883 he was knighted by Queen Victoria. His music is essentially lyric in quality, and he was exceptionally fluent in melody as well as a mas- ter of dainty orchestration, in which latter re- spect he perhaps has never been excelled. His early training in the school of English church music left its imprint on all his sacred composi- tions. His anthems are distinguished hy their pure melody and dignified harmony. His hymn- tunes are sung universally, and of these not the least important is his fine martial setting of "Onward. Christian Soldiers." He died in London. SULLIVAN, Francis Stoughton (1719-76). An Irish jurist, born at Galway. He was edu- cated at Trinity College. Dublin, where he gained a fellow.ship at the very early age of nineteen. He remained at Dublin until in 1750 he was made regius professor of law in the university and in 1761 professor of feudal and English law. He was a jurist of great distinction and his one important work. An Historical Treatise on the Feudal Lan^ (1772), was long held in high favor. SULLIVAN. .Tamer (1744-1808), An Ameri- can jurist and politician, born in Berwick, Me.