Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/779

* SUGARS. 677 SUGGESTION. It is crystallized with difficulty, and melts at 95° C. (203° ¥.}. Jt is readily obtained by hydrolysis of inuliii, a polysaccharide which oc- curs in many plants. It is less soluble than d- glucose, and is as sweet as cane sugar. Luvulose is used as a substitute for sugar in the food of dialietic patients. Some of the commercial forms of k'vulose for this purpose are called 'diabetine.' E.VFFINOSE, JIeLITRIOSE, ilELITOSE, OR C.'OTTON Sugar. This occurs in rather large quantity in Australian manna (from varieties of Eucalyp- tus), in cottonseed meal, and in small quan- tities in sugar beets, the manufactured sugar from which sometimes contains small amounts, but the molasses much the greater proportion. It forms characteristic crystals and is strongly dextro-rotatory, hen hydrolyzed by acids each molecule yields one molecule of d-gluoose, one of d-fructose, and one of d-galaetose. Maltose, Maltobiose, Malt Sugar, or Amy- LON. This is formed, together with dextrin and dextrose, when starch is hydrolyzed with enzj-mes or acids. It is present in malted grain, in com- mercial glucose, and in the mash of beer and whisky. It is usually obtained in the form of crystalline crusts. When hydrolyzed it is eon- verted into, d-glucose. iliLK Sugar, or Lactose. This occurs in the milk of mammals. It crystallizes in white hard rhombic prisms, with one molecule of water of crvstallization, which is dissipated at 140° C. (■iS4° F.) ; at 205° C. (400° F.) it melts with decomposition. It dissolves in six parts of water at the ordinary temperature and in 21^ parts of hot water; is insoluble in alcohol, and has a faint, sweet taste. When hydrolyzed by the action of acids it is converted into equal parts of d-glucose and d-galaetose. See Sugar, Manu- facture OF. Galactose. This is of interest as one of the inversion or hydrolysis products of raffinose and milk sugar. It is also obtained by the hydrolysis of a number oi polysaccharides occurring in vegetable substances and called 'galactans.' Bibliography. Tollens, Eurzes Eandhuchdcr Kohlenhi/drate (Breslau, 1895) : Lippmann, Die Chemie der Zuckerartcii (Brunswick, 1895) ; Pavv. Plntsiology of the Carbohydrates (London, 189.5). SUG^DEN, Edward Bltrtenshaw. A cele- brated English jurist and author. See Saint Leonards, Edward Burtenshaw Sugden, Barox. SUGER, su'zha', Abbe de S.int Denis (1081- 1151). A French churchman, statesman, and historian. He spent a large part of his youth in the Abbey of Saint Denis, and was for a time a student with Prince Louis, afterwards Louis the Fat, with whom he always remained on terms of close friendship. In 1122 he became abb? of Saint Denis, and he carried out many reforms and greatly increased the prosperity of his charge. He was frequently engaged in affairs of State, and when Louis VTT. went on the Second Crusnde Suger acted as Regent in his absence and administered the affairs of the kingdom with great abilitv. Shortly afterwards, although he had opposed the previous one. Suger preached another crusade, hut died in 1151 before it could be carried out. He wrote in Latin a Life of Louis TT. (c.1140), which is one of the chief sources upon the history of the period. His complete works were published at Paris in 1807. Consult Jleanult, iSugcr (Paris, 1884), and C'artcUicri, Abt tiuyer von Saint-Denis (Ber- lin, 1898). SUGGESTION (Lat. siiggestio, intimation, suggestion, from suggvrerc, to suggest, supply, from sub, under -f gererc, to carry). A term used in four dili'erent senses in psychologj'. ( 1 ) In its broadest signiticance suggestion is a hint, a prompting, the insinuation of an idea into consciousness. An orator may suggest, e.g. im- patience to his audience by a shrug of his shoul- ders. (2) Suggestion is used more narrowly as a synonym for association (q.v.). The idea of Spain suggests (or 'as.sociates with') war, war suggests Cuba, Cuba suggests sugar, etc. (3) Still more specifically, suggestion implies a pe- culiar mode of creating belief. One may, e.g. create by suggestion the belief that a piece of metal is hot by handling it as if it were burning one. (4) Finally, suggestion indicates a means of directing the consciousness and the movements of a hypnotized subject. The operator is said to 'suggest' to his subject that he see an object which is not in reality present, or that he react to an imaginary situation. The first two definitions con- template suggestion simply as an incentive to 're- two as a determinant of l)elief, under usual or 'nor- mal' and under unusual or 'abnormal' conditions. Between the third and the fourth uses of the word no strict line of demarcation can be drawn. ( See Hypnotism. ) The term is most accurately emplo.ved in one of these naa-rower senses, as an influence upon belief. Belief (q.v.) may appear cither as a mood of acquiescence (one believes, e.g. when one is told that 2 -|- 3 = 5), or as a conviction following upon deliberation (one be- lieves the conclusion reached by a series of 'sound' argmnents). Just how suggestion may occasion belief under unusual circumstances, as in hypnosis, psychologists are not entirely agreed, but two theories have been worked out in detail. (1) The first (Wundt's) maintains that in hypnotic suggestion there is a 'constriction' of consciousness. Few ideas enter at once ; only those that are aroused directly by association. 'Foreign' ideas are barred out. The narrowing of the field of consciousness implies, according to the theory, an increased clearness and in- tensity in the ideas attended to. This fact is explained physiologically by hyperiesthesia of a limited cortical area and a corresponding anaes- thesia in the other areas. The result is that whatever comes to mind is peculiarly vivid and forcible and stands free from contradicting ideas. This is synonymous with belief. (2) The other theory (Lipps's) sees the essence of suggestion in an unusual inhibition of experience which, if it could come before the mind, would destroy belief (e.g. a hypnotized person believes the operator's statement that he is a kins or a cat, because his past experience is in abeyance: it is beyond his control ; he is imaWe to criticise or to oppose anv statement made). The theory rejpcts physioloffical explanations and substitutes 'un- conscious ideas.' Both theories agree that lack of conflietinc ideas is essential. There is no room in hvpnotic suggestion for deliberation and choice. To this we must add a feeling element, in, the mood of acquiescence. Bibliography. Baldwin, fftory of the Uind
 * iroduction' ( see Reproductio.x of Ideas) ; the last