Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/774

* SUGAR. 672 SUGAR. Consumption per capita, what closely in action, the statements in the fol- 1899-1900, . •' , ' o J , Denmark 64.8 pounds '°"'?,S P/'-'-^graphs are confined to cane sugar. Sweden and Norway 38. 2 •• J^n "S tood value sugar resembles starch, Italy 6.1 ■• being considered a fat-former and a source of Rumania 7.8 " energy with a fuel value of 1800 calories a pound. Spam lO.b " rri ■. ■ It ,., ^., ,, Portugal 14.7 '■ inus It IS ranked as a more readily available Euglaud .' 91.6 " heat-producer and force-conserver than starch Greece" 72 " (q-^-)- From dietarj' statistics the conclusion is Servia!!"!'"""'!""!"!"!!!!"'!'"!. '""'""!""!!!.'.. eis ■■ drawn that persons in well-to-do families Turkey 8.0 " in the United States consume about two pounds Switzerland ._60^3 •J_ ^f ^^„^j. ^yggkly, an amount that seems to be All Europe (Licht) 27.1pound8 well utilized. The consumption of larger amounts United States (W. and G.) 66.6 ■' jg considered questionable economy both with re- MoLASSES. Molasses is a viscid, usually dark- ^P'^'^* t° ^^^ PU'"se and to the system. But ex- colored uncrystallizable liquid which seeps from ("essive indulgence in food of any other sort is the massecuite of sugar-cane or is thrown out by ^'^o wasteful and unwise. Thus the wholesome- the centrifugal maeliine. The latter kind is re- "''^^ ^^^ utilization of sweetened foods is largely boiled as noted above ; the former, however, being "^ matter of quantity or concentration, a simple highly valued for its flavor and sweetness, is used d'*^" flavored with sugar being considered easy to as a "food and for cooking. Since the introduc- a>gest, but a heavily sweetened one eaten singly, tion of the vacuum pan and the centrifugal ma- "'•°i"'= °'^ ^'^^^ difficult because of its concentra- chine it has become annually less plentiful in *10"- T'^<^ bad eftects popularly charged to sugar the market, the small quantities made being used ^'^ misapplied. in the regions where cane sugar is manufactured. Bibliography. Literaltire — Roth, Guide to the Most of the so-called New Orleans molasses is Litem ture of Sugar (London, 1890) ; Barnett, composed of glucose flavored with some molasses ''References to the Literature of Sugar Beet," from the sugar factories. Spurious maple syrup in Lihrary Bulletin, No. IG. United States and sugar (see above) are made of cane sugar Department of Agriculture (Washington, 1897). and glucose often flavored with an extract of History — Lippmann. Geschichte des Zuckers hickory bark. No table molasses is made from (Leipzig. 1890) ; id., Eiitwiclcluug der deutschcn the sugar beet, because the impurities cannot be Zuckerindnstrie von 1S50 bis 1900 (ib., 1900) ; removed by any known process. Processes have Coizard and Tardieu. Histoire dc la legislation been patented for the manufacture of table syrup f*"* sucres. 16G'i-189i (Paris, 1891); Helot, he from beet roots, but they have hitherto been of Sucre de betterave en France de 1800 a 1900 little commercial importance. (Cambrai, 1900). Culture of Sugar-Producing Normally, cane molasses made by the open- Plants, Manufacture of Sugar — Myrick, Ameri- kettle process contains about 30 per cent, cane ean Sugar Industry (New York. 1899) ; Stoh- sugar, 23 per cent, reducing sugar, and 47 per niann, Bandbuch der Zuckerfabrikafion (Berlin, cent, water, ash, and impurities; that made in a 1878, rev. ed. 1899) ; Horsin-Deon. Traite theo- large modern factory, 20 per cent, cane sugar, rique et pratique de la fabrication du suere 25 per cent, reducing sugar, and 51 per cent. (Paris, 1882, rev. ed. 1900) ; Beaudet. Pellet, water, etc. Beet molasses contains 47 per cent, and Saillard, Traits de la fabrication du sucre cane sugar, 5 per cent, reducing sugar. 20 per de betterave et de canne (ib., 1894) ; Stubbs, cent, water, 22 per cent, organic matter other Sugar-eane : A Treatise on the History, Botany, than sugars, and 6 per cent, ash, etc. In sugar- and Agriculture of Sugar-eane (Louisiana Bu- manufacturing regions molasses is mixed with reau of Agriculture, 1897) ; Kruger. Das Zticker- such bulky materials as cottonseed meal, cotton- rohr und seine Kultur (Magdeburg, 1899) ; seed hulls, etc., to be easily handled and fed to Riimpler, Die Nichtzvckerstoffe der Riiben in stock as a cheap source of carbohydrate food, ihrcr Beziehung zur Zuckerfabrikation (Bruns- In Europe several 'molasses feeds' have been ^yjek, 1898) ; Bivort, Etude sur la legislation proposed and one has been manufactured in com- a^g sucres dans les divers pai/s d'Europe et aux mercial quantities from four parts bran, three Etats-Vnis (Paris, 1880) ; Lippmann, Die Ohemie parts beet-sugar molasses, and one part palm- a^,. Zuekerarten (2d ed., Brunswick, 189,5); nut cake. Another preparation composed of Maquenne. Les sucres et leurs principaux derives dried blood peat, extracted beef pulp and mo- (pa^;,^ jgoQ) ; Passche. Zuckerindustrie und lasses has also been tried with favorable results. Zuckerhandel der Welt (Jena, 1891) ; Spencer, Milk Sugar or Lactose. Sugar of milk, oc- fj„„abook for Suqar Manufacturers and Their curnng only in the milk of mammals is found to chemists (New York, 1897) ; Tollens, Handbueh the extent of 4 or 5 per cent m the milk of ^^^ Kohlenhydrate (Breslau, 1895). herbivorous animals. It is obtained by first ..., „ i_. x, • j i. j curdling the milk with rennet or other aeent to Numerous bulletins on the sugar indtistry and remove^the casein and the fat. and then drawing ^"g»r manufacture have been published by the off and evaporating the clear %vhev to a syrup Division of Chemistry, United States Depart- in which, when cold and still, the milk sugar ™ent of Agriculture. Some of the more recent of crystallizes and sinks. The deposit is recrystal- these are as follows: Sugar-cane Culture— BuUe- liied, after being dissolved in hot water, some- tins 70 and 75 : Sugar from Sor^?!")"— Bulletins times as hard cylindrical masses on strings. 26. 29. 34. 37. and 40 ; Sugar Beet Culture— Bul- Sugar of milk is emploved very largely for modi- letins 27, 30, 33. 36. 39, 52, 64, and 74. A series f-ving cow's milk for tlie use of infants, in phar- of publications on the progi'ess of the beet-sugar macy, and as a food. See Milk; Food. industry in the United States has also been pub- FooD Value of Suoar. Since milk sugar and lished. Those for 1900, 1901. and 1902 are dextrose are used for human food to a far less ex- issued as Reports Nos. 69, 72, and 74 respectively, tent than cane sugar, which they resemble some- See Sugars.