Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/761

* SU-CHOW. 639 SXJCZAWA. Cliina (Map: China, F 5) ; the residence of the provincial judge, the chih-fu or head of the de- partment of the same name, and three district magistrates. It is situated on the Grand Canal, 80 miles west of Shangliai and -10 soutli of the Yang-tse. Its walls are 30 feet higli, are pierced with 6 gates and 5 water-gates, and liave a cir- cuit of 12 miles. Outside of five of these gates are large suburlis, the largest and busiest being that outside of the northwest gate or Ch'ang-men, within which is the chief business quarter of the city. Su-chow was founded about B.C. 500. It is a great commercial and manufacturing place, and is the centre of a great silk and satin indus- try in which thousands of looms are employed. It lias also steam factories, two cotton mills, a flour mill, and thousands of workers in wood, gold, silver, brass, iron, tin, ivory, glass, lac- quer, etc. It has long been noted for its wealth and luxury, and the gayety and elegance of its life and manners. In 1800 it was captured by the Taiping rebels and reduced almost to a heap of ruins. Among the buildings that escaped destruction is a pagoda 240 feet in height, said to be the liighest in China. There are several others both within and without the city. The streets are not wide enough for much traffic, but a great network of canals ramifies through the city and the surrounding country and supplies easy means of transpdrtation. Population, estimated at about 500,000. In September, 1896, Su-chow was opened by treaty as a place of foreign residence and trade. SUCKER (from suck, AS. sucan, sugan. OHG. su(jan, Ger. saiKjen, to suck; connected with Olr. sugiin, Lett, siilct, OChurch Slav, sustai, Lat. sugere, to suck). A fresh-water fish of the catfish family ami belonging to the genus Catos- fomus and its allies, characterized by having the mouth inferior, and the lips thick and fleshy, the lower usually deeply divided. There are many species, all of moderate size and na- tives of the United .States, except one in Siberia. Their general form is shown in the Plate of SvCKER-s; in color they are dull, and with little tendency to markings, except that breeding males in most species acquire a rosy or orange lateral band. They inhabit rivers, lakes, and bayous, and obtain their food mostly by sucking up the mud and soft organic matter from the bottom. The most widely distributed species is the North- ern or red sucker (Catostomus catosfomiis) ; the best known one, the common white sucker (Catos- tomus Votiimersonii), which is excessively abun- dant from Massachusetts to Kansas. SUCKER STATE. Illinois. See States, POI'II.AK XaJIKS (IF. SUCK'LING, Sir .Tohn (1609-42). An Eng- lish poet, born at Whitton, in Jliddlescx, where he was baptized February 10, 1609. His father. Sir .John Suckling (knighted 1616), held higli posts at the courts of King James and King Charles. In IG23 the poet entered Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge, but left without a degree. On the death of his father in 1627 he became heir to large estates. In 1628 he set out on extensive travels on the Continent and is said to have fought under Gustavus Adolphus. Returning to England in 1632. he soon became noted for wit, gallantrj', and prodigality. Suckling took an active part in the plot to rescue Strafford from the Tower, and found it convenient to flee to the Continent. Impovcrislicd and in despair, he seems to have poismied himself in Paris in the summer of 1642. He was buried, says Aubrey, in the cemetery attached to the Protestant Church in Paris. Suckling's writings, few of which were published during his lifetime, were collected un- der the titU' Fiugiiuntu Aurca (1646). The vol- ume contains three ])Iays, At/laura, The (Joblins, and lircniwraH ; Letters to Divers Eminent Per- sonages; a Soeinian tract called .In Aeeuunt of Religion by Reason ; and I'oems. In a later edition (1658) appeared an luifinislicd tragedy. The Had One. The fame of Suckling rests wholly upon his lyrics, inimitable for grace and gayety. Among the most beautiful are "Upon M.v Lord lirohall's Wedding," and the songs beginning "Why so pale and wan, fond lover?" and "I ])rithee send me back my heart." Consult Selections, with a memoir, by A. I. Suckling (1836; revised and enlarged by W. C. Hazlitt, London, 1874). and see the articles on the group of Cavalier oi^ Court poets to which Suckling belongs: Tiio.M.s Carew ; KoiiEKT Hekkil'K; and Richakd Lovelace, SUCRE, sw'kra. A department of Bolivia. See CnuQri.SAC.. SUCRE. The oflicial capital of the Republic of Bolivia, known also as Chuquisaea (Map: Bolivia, D 7). It is 8840 feet above the sea on a plateau of the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes, to the left of the upper valley of the Cachimayo, a branch of the Pilcomayo, and is 250 miles southeast of La Paz. It has the Supreme Tribunal of Justice. It contains the oldest uni- versity of South America, a fine cathedral, and the President's palace. Its industries are min- ing and agriculture, the latter being the more important; its population is about 26,000. Sucre was founded in, 1536. The Spaniards first gave it the name La Plata, from the rich silver mines of the vicinitj'. Later as the seat of the audiencia of Charcas it served as the capi- tal of Upper Peru. The city was the scene of the declaration of Bolivian independence from Spain, August 6, 1825, and later took the name of Sucre in honor of the Republic's first President. Though it has continued to be the official capital of Bolivia, the sessions of Congress, during the civil wars, have often been held at La Paz. SUCRE, Antonio Josfe de (1793-1830). A Venezuelan general, born at CumanS, and edu- cated at Caracas. He served in the various wars of independence in South America, from 1811 to 1824, was one of Bolivar's most valuable officers, and gained the victories of Pichinclia (May 24, 1822), which freed Ecuador, and Ayaei- cho (December 9, 1824), which drove the Spaniards from Peru. He was elected first President of Bolivia in 1826, but resigned in 1828 to prevent a war with Peru, his resignation having been demanded by that country. The ex- President retircil to Colombia, then at war with Peru, and gaincil for the Colombians the battle of Giron (February 26, 1829), which ended the war. He was elected President of the first Con- gress of the Republic of Colombia, and sent as commissioner to Venezuela. Upon his return from the Congress he was assassinated, it is sup- posed by political enemies, June 4, 1830. SUCZA'WA, soo-chii'va. A town of Bukowina, Austria, on the right bank of the Suczawa, 47 miles south of Czernowitz (Map: Austria, K 3).