Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/756

* SUCCESSION WARS. 656 SUCCESSION WARS. and he claimed the throne as the son of Philip IV. 's younger sister. (See genealogical table, The Bdiisbuiff FamUjj, under Hapwburg.) Leo- pold handed over his claim to his second son, the Archduke Charles. The Austrian party at first preponderated in Spain; but Louis succeed- ed in uuderinining the Austrian inlluence, and his grandson, Philip of Anjou. was declared the heir (October 2, 1700). On the death of King Charles, Philip appeared in Spain and was rec- ognized as monarch. The Emperor Leopold at once took up arms and sent an army into Italy under Prince Eugene, who defeated the French general Villeroi at Chiari on September 1, 1701. William III., regarding the union of France and Spain under the Bourbons as a menace to the naval interests of England and Holland, and stirred up by the action of Louis XIV. in recog- nizing the Pretender, James Edward Stuart, de- termined to revive the Grand Alliance against France, and entered into a coalition with Austria and her allies in the German Empire, including Prussia. Savoy. Bavaria, and some of the other German States joined the Bourbons. William's policy was continued by Queen Anne, who suc- ceeded to the English throne in March, 1702, and immediately declared war. In 1702 Churchill (the future Marlborough), at the head of an English-Dutch-German army, made a- victorious advance against the French in the Spanisli Netherlands: while a German army under the Margrave of Baden crossed the Rhine and encountered Villars, who proved too powerful for him. In Italy, Prince Eu- gene, after taking Villeroi prisoner at Cremona (January, 1702), was 'checked by VendSme. In 1703 Marlborough gained fresh successes and the Duke of Savoy joined the Grand Alliance. The first great blow was struck on August 13, 1704, ■when the combined Austrian-German-British army under ^Marlborough and Prince Eugene to- tally defeated the French and the Bavarians under Tal'lard at Blenheim (q.v.). A few days before Gibraltar had fallen into the hands of the English. The campaigns of Marlborough in Germany and of Eugene in Italy in 170.5, while successful, were not very important. In 1706 Marlborough suddenly attacked the French and Bavarians under Villeroi at Ramillies (q-v. ), and routed them with great slaughter. The victory of Eugene over Marsin at Turin in the same year shattered the French power in Italy. In the meanwhile in 1704 the Archduke Charles landed at Lisbon with a British and Dutch army and invaded Spain. In the follow- ing year the Earl of Peterborough and Sir Clowdisley ShovcU lauded with a small body of troops in" Catalonia. Then, attacked from lioth east and west, the Bourbon forces were beaten and driven across the Pyrenees. After the de- parture of Peterborough, however, the Bourbon commander, the Duke of Berwick ( q.v. ), made head against his antagonists, and by his victory at Almanza (April 25, 1707) he recovered the whole of Spain except Catalonia. In the Nether- lands Marlborough and Prince Eugene fell upon Vendome's army at Oudenarde (1708) and in- flicted upon it a .severe defeat. The capture of Lille, Ghent, and Bruges followed. France now began to show symptoms of exhaustion, and made overtures of peace, but the demands of the allies were of so exorbitant a character that Louis XIV. preferred to continue the war. The French under Villars suffered another great de- feat in September, 1709, at the hands of Marl- borough and Prince Eugene at Malplaquet ( q.v, ). The death of the Emperor, Joseph L, the suc- cessor of Leopold I, (April 17, 1711), and the ac- cession in the Austrian dominions and in the German Empire of his brother, Charles VI., came to the rescue of France, for England be- came inuuediately lukewarm in support of a cause the success of which would result in the union of Austria and Spain; and the English Tories having come into power, England con- cluded an armistice witlx France in 1712. Prince Eugene still carried on the war, aided by Holland, but was compelled to give way; and in the following spring (1713) Holland, Prussia, and Savoy joined England as parties to the Peace of Utrecht (q.v,). The Emperor Charles VI. found himself forced to conclude a treaty of peace at Rastatt. March 7, 1714, and later on the more formal treaty of Baden (in Aargau), Sep- tember 7, 1714, ended the struggle, leaving Philip in possession of the Spanish throne, but with the provision that the crowns of France and Spain should never be united in the same per- son, while Austria obtained the Spanish Nether- lands, the former Duchy of Jlilan, Naples, and Sardinia. Sicily was awarded to Savoy, which exchanged it for Sardinia. Gibraltar and Mi- norca were ceded to England, which acquired Arcadia from France. The conflict waged between the English and French in America as part of the War of the Spanish Succession is known as Queen Anne's War. Consult: Stanhope (Lord Mahon), History of the War of tlie Succession in Spain (London, 1836) ; Coxe, Memoirs of the Kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon ( ib., 1813) ; Von Noorden, Europiiische Geschichte im ISten Jahrhundert, '■Der spanische Erbfolgekrieg" ( Dilsseldorf, 1874-83), perhaps the best work on the subject. See Louis XIV. The W.-vr of the Polish Succes.sion. In 1 733 Augustus II. of Poland and Saxony died ; d Stan- islas Leszczynski (q.v.), whose daughter had married Louis XV. of France, was elected King by the Diet through French inflvience. Some of the nobles, however, were determined that the crown should pass to Augvistus ( Frederick Au- gustus II. of Saxony) . son of the late King. Russia and Austria supported Augustus and a Russian army placed him on the throne. St.anislas with- drew to the fortress of Danzig, where he held out until June, 1734. France, in retaliation for Austria's support of Augustus III., declared war on the Emperor, The French forces invaded Lorraine and fought successfully on the Rhine (1733-34), Charles Emmanuel III. of Sardinia took up arms against Austria, and in 1734 Don Carlos, son of Philip V. of Spain, seized the op- portunity to undertake the conquest of the Two Sicilies, which had been wrested from Spain in the War of the Spanish Succession, The Austri- ans were overthrown at Bilonto on May 25, 1734, and in 1735 Don Carlos was crowned King of the Two Sicilies. By the preliminaries of Vi- enna (October 3, 1735), Austria relinquished the possession of these regions. Augustus III. was recognized as King of Poland, though Stan- islas retained the royal title and was given for his life the duchies of Lorraine and Bar, which