Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/748

* SUBJECT. 64.8 SUBMARINE GUN. differ in political rauk and station; thus a duke or an earl is as muoh a subject of the crown of England as a peasant, although the former is entitled to certain dignities and honors which the latter does not possess. Until comparatively recent times (until 1870 in England) the gov- ernments of Europe almost universally refused to recognize the right of a subject to change his allegiance, but they now generally concede this privilege. The policy of the United States in permitting aliens to become citizens by naturali- zation has probably inthieneed such nations in changing their arbitrary and despotic attitude on this question, as, of course, it would lead to international ditKculties if a naturalized citizen of the United States were to be treated as a sub- ject of tlie nation whose sovereignty he had re- nounced in order to become a citizen of the Rc- jniblie. See Alien ; Allegiance ; Citizen ; Xat- rBALiZATiON, and the authorities referred to under these titles. Consult JMorse, on Citizen- shlp. SUBKINGDOMS, Animal. See Classifica- tion OF Aximals. SUBLAPSARIAN. See Infbalapsakian. SUBLICIAN BRIDGE ( Lat. Pons SubUciiis ). The most ancient of the bridges over the Tiber at Kome, ascribed by tradition to Ancus !Marcius. The Sublician remained the only bridge at Eome until the second century B.C. It was twice car- ried away and restored and its piers remained ■ through the jMiddle Ages. The last remnants were destroyed in 1877. SUBLIMATION (Lat. snhlimatio, an uplift- ing, frcim siihlim<n-c, to uplift, from sublimis, lofty, from si(h, luider -|- limcn, threshold). A term applied to the distillation of those volatile solids that, when heated, pass into the gaseous state without melting. Such substances, includ- ing iodine, arsenic (i.e. arsenious acid), the chlorides of iron and aluminus, certain organic compounds, etc., may be readily freed by sub- limation from non-volatile impurities. It may be observed that all solids, theoretically without exception, give off more or less vapor, i.e. sub- lime, even at cxti'emely low temperatures, and of course the evaporation (q.v.) is accompanied by absorption of heat. Ordinarily the rate of evaporation of solids is too small to prevent the temjierature from rising to the melting-point on the application of heat. But in the case of solids that are very volatile and have a some- wliat high melting-point the heat applied may be largely u.sed up by the rapid evapora- tion, and so the temperature cannot rise high enough for the substances to melt. Of course, by placing such substances in a closed vessel and thus preventing free evaporation, they may be readily caused to melt. SUBLIME (from Lat. siihlimis. lofty). A term applied either to olijects arousing a certain cesthetie emotion, or to the emotion itself. The treatise "On Sublimity"' ascribed to Longinus (q.v. ). but probably belonging to the first century of onr era. represents the first attempt to deal with the differentiating characteristics of the sublime. See .-Esthetics. SUBLIME PORTE. See Porte. SUBLIMINAL CONSCIOUSNESS (from Lat. sub, under + limen, threshold). Literally a degree of consciousness below a certain theo- retical limit of intensity and clearness. Such a consciousness cannot be proved to exist by direct introspection, but has been assumed to account especially for four groups of facts. (1) People often execute blind, impulsive actions or feel curious likes and dislikes (e.g. shivering at grating sounds), for which no adequate reason can be found in consciousness. Hence they may be the product of subconscious processes. (2) Many complicated movements, like ])iano-play- ing, which at first necessitate highly attentive conscious control, become, Avith time, decreasing- ly conscious and finally automatic, yet they seem too complex ever to be purely mechanical. (3) Ideas sometimes appear in consciousness from no assignable source, i.e. neither connected with previous thoughts nor traceable to sense-percep- tion. These m.ay have originated subliminally and thence risen to clear consciousness. (4) A mass of 'borderland' and pathological phe- nomena, such as automatic writing, trance, post- hypnotic suggestion, double personality, reveals many instances in which complex, seemingly quite intelligent, and hence apparentl}' conscious, actions are executed by individuals who are, nevertheless, entirely ignorant of what they say or do. In the phenomenon of alternating per- sonality such experiences are so frequent and so well organized as to become aggregated into a so-called subconscious 'mind' or 'pei-sonality,' which, under certain conditions, e.g. trance, hys- teria, and the like, becomes the conscious, domi- nating personality. If, with the best authorities, we deny a sub- liminal consciousness, all four groups of facts must obviously be explained in terms of nervous action without consciousness. Organic tenden- cies, constitutional dispositions, and various hereditary instincts will then account for the fii'st group of fiicts, secondary reflexes for the second, inaccurate introspection and unconscious (or marginally conscious) association for the third, and similar principles, supplemented per- haps by neuropathic conditions, for the fourth. The most elaborate argument in favor of a sub- liminal self is that of F. W. H. :Myers. See ATTENTION; NOETIC CONSCIOUSNESS; SUB- CONSCIOUSNESS. BiBLiOGRAPny. Carpenter, Principles of Men- tal Physiology (6th ed., London, 1891) ; Pierce, in Proceedings of the Society of Psychical Re- search, vol. xi. (ib., 1892) ; Morgan. Introduction to Comparative Psychology (ib., 1894) ; Stout, Analytic Ps^ychology, vol. i. (ib., 1896) ; Myers, Hnntan Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death (ib., 1903) : and Flournov, From India to the Pliiiiet Mars (New York, 1900). SUBMARINE BOAT. See Torpedo Boat, Submarine. SUBMARINE GUN (from Lat. sub. under + marinus, pertaining to the sea. from mare, sea). A gun which dischai'ges its projectile beneath the surface of the -^vater. In 1797 a Frenchman. M. Rcveroni Saint-Cyr, proposed to arm a catamaran with a submarine gun, but it does not appear that any attempts were made to do so. Robert Fulton and several other Americans attempted the actual construction of effective submarine gims, but with no practical results. Eric-isnn was the most successful, and his ex- periments with a submarine gun mounted in