Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/746

* STYLONURUS. 646 SUAKIM. oura, tail). A gigantic extinct arthropod, allied to Eurypterus, with a body about 6 feet in length and with live pairs of legs, of which the posterior pair is much elongated, and a long spine on the tail. It is found in the Silurian and Devonian of Scotland and in the Upper Devonian of New York and Pennsylvania. Consult Beecher, "Restoration of Stj'lonurus lacoanus, a Giant Arthropod from the Upper Devonian of the United States," American Jounuil of Science, 4th series, vol. x. (New Haven, 1900). See Artiiroi'uua; Eurypterus; Merostomata. STYPTIC. An agent employed in surgery for the purpose of checking the How of blood by application to the bleeding orifice or surface. See Bleeding. STYBAX. See Storax. STYRIA, stir'i-a (Ger. Steiermark). A duchy and crownland of Austria, bounded by Lower and Upper Austria on the north, Hun- gary on the east, Carniola and Carinthia on the south, and Carinthia and Salzburg on the west (Map: Austria, D 3). Its area is 81)70 square miles. Styria is very mountainous. Its north- ern part belongs to the region of the central Alps, of which Styria takes in the Niedere Tau- ern, Rottenmanner Tauern, Dachstein. Totes Gebirge, and the Erzberg, the last named famous for its abundance of iron. The southern part is occupied by the Styrian Alps. The plains are generally small, but there are a large number of fruitful valleys along the Mur, Enns, and other rivers. Styria is watered chiefly by the Enns, Mur, Drave, and Save. There are many moun- tain lakes and mineral springs. Styria has a large proportion of productive land; the for- ests cover nearly one-half of the surface. Wheat, rye, corn, oats, and barley are the prin- cipal cereals. Hay is grown in large quan- tities, and cattle-raising is very important, espe- cially in Upper Styria. Cirapes and fruits are cultivated to a lesser extent. In mineral produc- tion Styria is one of the most important crown- lands of Austria. In the output of lignite it ranks next to Bohemia, while in regard to iron it occupies the first place, supplying about 60 per cent, of the total output of Austria. It has also lead, zinc, sulphur, graphite, salt, and a great variety of useful earths and stones. The value of the mineral output of 1899 was about $5,000,000. The manufacturing industries are chiefly connected with the mineral products. There are large mills for the production of rails, sheet iron, wire, and smaller iron and steel arti- cles. There are also several extensive machine shops, glass-works, distilleries, breweries, tobacco factories, and paper mills. The principal domestic exports are fruits, timber, cattle, and metal prod- ucts. The Diet of Styria is composed of 60 mem- bers, of whom i represent the landed aristocracy, 19 the towns and industrial centres, 23 the rural commimities, and 6 the chambers of com- merce and trades of Gratz and Leoben. In the Lower House of Austria Stvria is represented by 27 delegates. In 1898 Styria had 903 public schools, attended by 182.000 children, or 9.5 per cent, of the total school population. The popu- lation was 1.282.708 in 1890, and 1,3.56.0.58 in 1900. About OS per cent, are Germans and the remainder Slovenians. The population is Roman Catholic. Capital. (Jratz (q.v. ). History. Under Roman control the territory of Styria formed a portion of both Pannonia and Noricum, and was even then famous for its iron and steel. During the period of the great mi- gration of nations the various invaders of the Italian peninsula swept through or settled in this district and at the close its population was essentially Slavic. It was a portion of the em- pire of Charles the Great, and was later included in the Carinthian mark erected against the Hun- garians. Soon after the middle of the eleventh century the Margrave Ottokar styled himself Margrave of Steier, whence the region came to be known as Steiermark (Styria). In 1192 the region that is now the Duchy of Styria became a por- tion of the possessions of the dukes of Austria, and after belonging for a time to Ottokar II. of Boliemia. passed in 1270 into the possession of the Hapsburgs. The Reformation was welcomed by the people, but the intolerance of the .-Xustrian rulers drove many of the inhabitants into exile. Bibliography. Die Oesterreichisch-ungarische Monurchie in Wort und Bild, vol. vii. (Vienna, 1890): Gsell-Fels, Die f^teirrmnrk ( ib., 1898); ImendiJrfer, Landeskunde von Steiermark (ib., 1903) ; Rosegger, Das Volksleben in Steiermark (Gratz. 1895): Zahn, Sti/riaca (ib., 1.894; new series, 1896) ; Mayer, Geschichte der Steiermark (ib., 1898). STYX (Lat., from Gk. Zrif, from arvyelv, stj/f/cin, to hate, lo.athe). In Greek legend, one of the rivers of the lower world. Probably orig- inally the only stream which separated the re- gion "of the dead from the living. It was said that one-tenth of Oceanus streamed down to form the Stj'X, while the other nine-tenths sur- rounded the earth. As the goddess of this stream. Styx was the eldest daughter of Oceanus, and by the Titan Pallas mother of Zelos, Nike, Cratos, and Bia (Emulation, Victory, Might, and Force), with whom she joined Zeus at the be- ginning of the struggle with the Titans. For this she was made the guardian of the sacred oaths which bound the gods. She was described as living in the far west, in a house with silver pillars. Where the water streamed from above. Thence Iris brought the water by which the gods swore, and terrible suffering awaited the divinity who committed perjury. With the development of the conceptions of the lower world, the rivers received various names, and Charon was intro- diced as the ferryman of souls across the Styx. The name was also given to a waterfall in northeastern Arcadia near Nonacris. The water descends over a cliff some 600 feet high on the side of Mount Chelmos into a wild and rugged glen, and the surroundings suggested to the Greeks the gloomy entrance to the lower world. STJABIA. See Swabia. STJAHELI, swa-he'li. A people of Africa. See Sw,iiii,i. STJAKIM, sw.-i'klm. or SUAKIN. A seaport of Egyptian Sudan, on a small island in the Red Sea in about latitude 19° N., and longitude 37° E. (Map: Africa. H 3). It is connected with the desert mainland by a railroad bridge. The town consists of two main parts. The Govern- ment buildings and the residences of the official class in the one section present an imposing ap- pearance in direct contrast to the wretched <hvellings of the natives in the other section. Suakim is conspicuous as the embarking place