Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/745

* STUTTGART. 645 STYLONURUS. this vicinity and along the Neckarstrasse is the beautiful Schlossgarten. It cnihraccs 200 acres, is 2 miles long, and is embellished with ponds, Hower designs, and sculptures. Here are found the botanic garden, the mint, and the notable Stuttgart museum of art with its col- lections of sculpture and painting. In the north- west section of the eitj- stands the Polytechnic Institute (over 1000 pupils) building facing the delightful Stadtgarten — one of the popular re- sorts. In the eastern part of Stuttgart is the immense new Liederhalle. In the vicinity of the Sclilossplatz is found the modern Kenais- sance edifice of the Landesgewerbe Museum. Among tile prominent new buildings in Stutt- gart are the Queen Olga buildings, the new Town Hall, the Catholic Church of Saint Nicho- las, and tlie Peace Church. The Uhlandshohe and the Jjigerhaus may be especially noted among the delightful resorts in tlie environs, as well as the royal country seat Wilhelma — a fine Moorish structure begun in 1S42. Stuttgart has an art academy, the Wiirttemberg Art Union with a permanent exposition of modern masters, an architectural school, an exposition of export products, the provincial industrial museum, a famous conservator}- of music, an in- dustrial and commercial library, and a chemical laboratorj-. It is the leading print- ing and book-publishing city of Southern Ger- many. Among its prominent manufactures are furniture, carriages, pianos, paper, leather, chemicals, colors, jewelry, bells, cigars, portman- teaus, chocolate, and especially cottons. Hops, cloth, and horses form special items in the trade. The city — the seat of all the important adminis- trative offices of the kingdom — is under the gen- eral supervision of the royal Government. There are an over-burgomaster, two advisers, and a council of some 24 members. The population, in 1900, was 176,699, mainly Protestants. History. Stuttgart is first mentioned in 1229. It became the official capital of Wiirttem- berg in 1482; but it did not begin to improve and assume its present splendid proportions until about 1800. Consult: Klaiber, "Stuttgart," in Euroiiiiische ^yan(lcrhiUlc|■ (Zurich, 1892) : Wid- mann. M'anderung (lurch Stuttgart und Umge- lung (Stuttgart, 1896). STUYVESANT, sti've-sant, Peter (1592- 1672). A Dutch Governor of New York. He was born in Holland ; early entered the military service of the Dutch in the West Indies, and in 1634 was made Director of the Colony of Cura- gao. In 1646 the Dutch West India Company appointed him Director-General of their colony in Xorth America. New Netherland. where he soon gained the confidence of the colonists by his efficient administration and public improvements. He reconciled the Indian tribes who had been made hostile by former unjust treatment, and succeeded in arranging with the New England commissioners, in 16.50, the boundaries between the English and Dutch territories, but this was not entirely satisfactory to the Dutch colonists, who claimed that the Governor had ceded con- siderable territory to which they were rightfully entitled. A convention of delegated colonists in 1653 demanded for the people, among other things, a share in the appointment of local oliieers. but Stuyve.sant ordered them to disperse forthwith, claiming that his authoritv was not from the people, but from God and the Dutch West India Company. The protracted contentions of the Dutch and the Swedes dwelling near the Dela- ware Kiver about governmental jurisdiction became more critical in 1654, when the Swedish Governor .seized the fori built by the Dutcli where Newcastle now stands. To end this trouble, Stuyvesant in 1055 with 600 men sailed up the Delaware. reea[)tured the fort, and estab- lished the Dutch autliority over the entire terri- tory. Aften nine years of undisturbed quiet, in 16(i4 a force of English soldiers arrived under Colonel Nieolls, wlio demanded a surrender of the Government, on the ground that the whole territory had been given by royal charter to the Duke of York. The town at the time contained 1500 inhabitants and was defended by a stone fort and twenty cannon. Stuyvesant at first re- fused, but finding the people anxious to exchange rulers, he yielded to the English demand. Stuy- vesant. in 1665. reported personally to the au- thorities in Holland, but soon returned to New York, where he sjient the remainder of his life, cultivating an extensive farm called the Bou- werij (Bowery). He was buried where Saint Mark's Church now stands, and the eJaborately inscribed stone that covered his grave is built into the eastern wall of the church. Consult the brief biographv bv Tuekerman (New York, 1893) ; and O'Callaghan, The History of New KetherUnid (ib., 1848). STYE, or STY (formerly also stian. from AS. stlgcnd, stye, pres. part, of stigan, Goth, steigan, OHG. stignn. Ger. steigeti, to rise; connected with Olr. tidgaitn, I go, Lat. vestigium, footprint, Lett, stiga, path, OChurch Slav, stignanti, to hasten, Gk. areixeiv, stcichein, to go). The popular name for an acute inflammation occur- ring around the follicle of an eyelash. It gen- erally goes on to suppuration. It is known to surgeons under the term hordeolum. It begins as a small, red. tense swelling, accompanied with considerable itching and a feeling of stiffness. As the inflammation goes on, the lid may become so swollen as to keep the eye closed. In a few days pus forms; a yellowish point appears at the apex of the swelling; and when the cuticle gives way, pus and a small slough of connective tissue escape, after which there is a general remission of the symptoms, and the eyelid soon resumes its natural state. The treatment includes the use of cold com- presses to abort the stye, hot ones to hasten suppuration, and evacuation of pus when it appears. Errors of refraction .should be cor- rected and the general health improved in order to prevent recurrence. The stye should never be rubbed (notwithstanding the common preju- dice in favor of rubbing it with a gold ring). STYLITE. See Pillar Saint. STYLOBATE (Lat. sti/lohafn, .ifiilnhnten. from Gk. arv^nfidrr/^, base of a pillar, from aTv2.oc, Rtylos, pillar + ^aiveiv, haiiicin, to go). The topmost step of the crepidoma (Kpr/Tliloiun) or substructure of a Greek temple. This consists of the foundations, or stereobate, and the sur- rnuiidinfr steps, usually three in number. On the topmost step, the true stylobate. rest the columns. The term is sometimes extended to apply to the whole series of steps. STY'LONtJ'RTJS (Neo-Lat.. from Gk. arUov, stylon, ace. sg. of a-rv>.og, stylos, pillar + ovpa.