Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/744

* STURM. 64:4 STUTTGART. loss nor gain in the number of changes of sign; the number of roots of f(a:)=0 between a and h is equal to tlie difference in the number of clianges of sign in Sturm's functions, when x^a and when a; = b. In 1838 Sturm began teaching in the Eeole Polytechnique, and two years later was elected to the chair made vacant by the death of Poisson. STURM, or STUR'MIUS, .Johannes (1507- 89 ). A prominent educatnr of the sixteenth cen- tury. He was bom near Cologne, and was edu- cated at Leyden and Louvain. In 1537, at the instance of the magistrates of Strassburi;, he organized the Strassburg Gymnasium, which he directed for forty-three years. He was relieved from his position in 1581 on account of religious disputes and differences. Through his system of gradation of classes, practically the same that still prevails in all German gymnasia, the classification of literary material for use in schools, the writing of text-books, and the organization of school management, he shaped the practice of secondary education not only in the German schools, but also in the great second- ary schools of England and France. STURM, stnnrm. .JvLius (lSlG-96). A Ger- man poet, born at Kostritz. Reuss. After study- ing theology at Jena (1837-41), he was private tutor to the hereditary prince Henry XIV. of Reuss, then pastor at Gijschitz, near Schleiz, in 1851-57, and at Kiistritz from 1857 to 1885. He died at Leipzig. All his lyrics reveal him as a poet of deep religious sentiment and genuine national spirit. The religious poems are in- corporated in the collections Fromnie Lieder, three parts (1852, 1858, 1892) : Zwei Rosen oder das Hohe Lied der Liebe (1854) ; Ton der Pil- gerfahrt (1S68); (iott griisse dich (1876); Dein Herrn mein Lied (1884) ; Palmen und Krone (1888); and others; while the volumes with secular contents include: Fiir das Haas (1861) ; Lieder und Bilder (1870); Kampf- und Sieges- gedichte (1870); Spiegel der Zeit in Fabeln (1872) ; Kinderlehen (1877). illustrated by Lud- Tvig Riehter; Immrrgriin (1880); Katur, Liebe, Valerhind (1884); In Freud und Leid (ISOfi). For his biographv consult Hepding (Giessen, 1896) and Hoffmann (Hamburg. 1898).— His son ArGU.ST ( 1852 — ) . born at Goschitz. also won reputation as a poet. He studied at Jena. Leip- zig, and Berlin, first theology-, afterwards law, which he practiced at Naumburg, since 1884, having in the meanwhile lived as assessor at Eudolstadt (1880-82) and, given to literary pur- suits, in Berlin (1882-84). Besides the epic poems, Merlin (1892), Kaiser Friedrich der Edle (1896), Kiinig Lnurins Rosengnrten (1897), and Der Konig ron Babel (1902), he published Hohenzollernsagen, Balladen (1898); the lyrics Auf Fliiqeln des Gesanges (1883); Lied vnd Leben (1889) ; Aiif der Biilie (1902) : and others ; several dramas and the sketches in prose, Sylter Skizsen (1887): also a series of juridical works, notably Revision der gemein^ reelitlichen Lehre rom Gewohnheitsrecht (1900). STURT, Sir Charles (1806-69). An Aus- tralian explorer. He was bom in Bengal. India, of English parents; was educated in England; entered the British Army : and in 1825 went to New South Wales. In 1828 he headed an explor- ing expedition which penetrated the interior of Australia and discovered the Macquarie, Castle- reagh, and Darling rivers, and in 1830 the Alurray Kiver, which he descended to Lake Alex- andrina. Another expedition in 1844 reached the desert in the centre of the continent. He subsequently held high colonial positions. He became totally blind as a result of the hard- ships he had undergone, and returned to Eng- land in 1853; he was knighted shortly before his death. He published Two Expeditions into the Interior of Southern Australia, 1S28-31 (2 vols.. 1833). and yarratire of an Expedition into Central Australia in IS'i.'t (2 vols., 1849). STURZ, stiBrtz, Helfemch Peteb (1736-79). A German author, born at Darmstadt. He studied law (1753-58) at .Jena, Giessen, and Gottingen, was appointed secretary in the de- partment of foreign affairs at Copenhagen in 1764, soon after private secretary to Count Bern- storff, and in 1768 accompanied King Christian VII. to England and France. Involved in Struensee's downfall in 1772, he was imprisoned and banished from Copenhagen, but appointed again to a position at Oldenburg in 1773. and died at Bremen. His title to the reputation as one of the most tasteful German prose writers is amply demonstrated by the exquisite Briefe eines Reisenden (1777), and his Erinnerungen aus dem Leben des Grafen fon Bernstorff. Con- sult the biography by Max Koch (ilunich, 1879). STUTTERING. Imperfect action of the or- gans of articulation resulting in defective speech. See Stammering. STUTTGART, stut'gart. The capital of the Kingdom of ^'urttemberg, Germany, situated at an elevation of 890 feet, about 2 miles south of the Neckar, and 45 miles north of Tubingen (Map: Germany, C 4). Stuttgart occupies a delightful site surrounded by attractive suburbs and amid lovely vine-clad "heights. The pro- nounced adherence of its many fine arcliitects to the Renaissance types explains the stately appearance of the city. The spacious Konigstrasse extends diagonally from southwest to northeast through the old or inner city and borders the majestic Schloss- platz — the centre of interest. Here rises the impressive King William column (93 feet) em- bellished with allegorical figures. Here too are the splendid Kfinigsbau. the palace of the Crown Prince, the Residenz-Schloss (palace), the royal theatre, and the royal stables. The fine statue of Schiller by Thorwaldsen, erected in 1839 by national subscription, is near by. Ad- jacent also is the striking Gothic Stiftskirche, begun in 1436. Southeast of the Old Palace is the palace of King William II.. where the fine modern Neckarstrasse begins its course north- eastward. In the immediate vicinity are housed the Wiirttemberg archives and also the extensive and valuable natural history collections of Stutt- gart. The royal public library near at hand con- tains upward of 500,000 volumes. 4000 manu- scripts, and many specimens of early printing. The library building holds also the museum of Wiirttemberg antiquities, among which may be seen ceramics, weapons, and articles taken from ancient tumuli and lake dwellings. In the rear of the library is the large modern Palace of Justice. Between the library and the Residenz- Schloss stands a spacious and famous academy — the Karlsschule. Extending northeast from