Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/736

* STUABT. 638 STUART. ton portrait was paiuted in 1795; at a still later pt-riod he lived in the city of Washington, and finally in 1800 took up his permanent residence at Boston, where he died. The Stuart portraits of Washington, representing the subject in the later years of his life, are the most famous of both artist and sitter. The first of these, represent- ing the right side of the face, the artist destroyed as unsatisfactory, though six replicas exist; after 1796 he painted the portrait known as the 'Athenaeum portrait' (Boston Museum), showing the left side. A full length w^as painted for the Marquis of Lansdowne in 1790. Nearly forty replicas of his various Washington por- traits have been traced. The Historical Societies of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia have many examples of his work, as do the Metropoli- tan Museum and other American collections. Stuart was an entirely independent master, who followed neither West nor any other model, but nature alone. Though sometimes deficient in drawing, he was a good colorist, and in his best productions deserves to rank beside Gains- borough. He devoted his chief attention to the heads, which are rendered with force and truth, but rather neglected the rest of the portrait. The list of his sitters includes the first five Presi- dents of the United States, Edward Everett, John Jay, Jacob Astor. Judge Story, W. E. Channing, Josiah and Edmund Quincy, 0. H. Perry, Jerome and Mme. Bonaparte. During his residence in England he painted King George III., also George IV. while Prince of Wales, Louis XVI. of France (at Paris), Mrs. Siddons, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Benjamin West, and a notable picture of "W. Grant Skating in Saint James's Park," which made his reputation in England. Consult Mason, Life and Works of Gilbert Stuart (New York, 1879) ; Caffin, American Masters of Painting (New York, 1890). STUART, Henry Benedict Maria Clement, Cardinal York (1725-1807). The second son of James Edward Stuart, the Elder Pretender. See Stuart. STUABT, James. Regent of Scotland after the abdication of Queen Mary. See Murrat or Moray, James Stuart, Earl of. STUART, .James (1713-88). An English painter, arch.fologist. and architect, born in Lon- don. .Until nearly thirty years of age he was a poor fan-painter, but in 1741 he found means to go to Rome, where he studied Latin and Greek and became interested in archaeology. From 1751 till 1755 he, together with Nicholas Revett, studied antiquities in Athens. Upon their re- turn to England they published, through the en- couragement and aid of the Society of Dilettanti, The Antiquilies of Athens, Measured and De- lineated by James Stuart, F.R.S. and F.S.A., and 'Nicholas Revett. Painters and Architects (1762). The book attracted widespread attention. Through its influence the classical style in archi- tecture became widely popular. A second vol- ume of the Antiquities was published posthu- mously in 1789; a third in 1795; and a fourth in 1814. A third edition of the first three vol- umes was published in 1841 for Bohn's Illus- trated Library. STUABT, James Francis Edward (1088- 1700). The son of James II. of England by his second wife, Mary Beatrice, daughter of the Duke of Modena, known as the Chevalier Saint George, or the Old Pretender. Prince James, who was born but a few months before his father's dethronement, was commonlj- but groundlessly alleged to be a supposititious child, and was involved in his father's exclusion from the crown. In 1715 the party who supported him, known in history as the Jacobites, endeavored to place him on the throne by force of arms. In Scotland the Earl of Mar, with about 5000 men, was checked by the royal forces under the Duke of Argyll at Sherifl'muir (q-v. ), and in England the rising, headed by the Earl of Derwentwater, ended by the unconditional surrender of the in- surgents at Preston, when Lords Derwentwater and Kennuire were beheaded and other persons of note executed and attainted. James escaped to France, and for the rest of his life resided in obscurity, principally at Rome. In 1719 he mar- ried one of the w'ealthiest heiresses in Europe, Maria Clementina Sobieski, granddaughter of John Sobieski, King of Poland. His son Charles Edward was the Y'oung Pretender. STUART, .Tames Ewell Brown (18.3.3-04). An American soldier, prominent as a cavalry leader in the Confederate service during the Civil W'ar. He was born in Virguiia, attended Emory and Henry College, and. graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1854. He then served as lieutenant on the Texas frontier, taking part in several actions with the Apache Indians. In 1857 his regiment was sent to Kan- sas to maintain peace, and later he saw service against the Cheyenne Indians. In April, 1861, he was promoted to the rank of captain, but re- signed from the LInited States Army upon re- ceiving notice of the secession of Virginia, and was shortly thereafter conmiissioned lieutenant- colonel of Virginia troops. At the first battle of Bull Run he won distinction as a cavalry commander, and was rewarded in September fol- lowing by promotion to the rank of brigadier- general. He made several successful raids and took a conspicuous part in the Seven Days' Battle before Richmond. In July, 1802, he was commissioned major-general of cavalry, and shortly afterwards mad%a dash upon General Pope's headquarters, capturing his official correspondence and making prisoners of several of his staff. This was followed the same night by a successful raid on Manassas .Junction. He participated with distinction in the second battle of Bull Run and in the battle of Antietam, made a raid into Pennsylvania, giiarded the Confederate right at Fredericks- burg, and aided Stonewall .Jackson at Chan- cellorsville. After the death of Jackson and the wounding of A. P. Hill, the command of Jackson's corps devolved tcmiiorarily upon him. He took part in Lee's Gettysburg campaign with- out adding anything to his reputation as a cavalry commander. In the campaign of the Wilderness he won several successes; and when Sheridan advanced upon Richmond General Stuart confronted him at Yellow Tavern, where the Confederates were defeated and General Stuart mortally wounded. He died May 12, 1804. Consult his Life and Cnnipair/ns, bv H. B. McClellnn, his chief of staflf (Boston, 1885). STUART, John. See Bote, third Earl of. STUART, .John MoDouall (181.5-06). A British explorer, born at Dysart. in Fifeshire. In 1838 he emigrated to South Australia. He was