Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/732

* STKOPHE. 634 STROZZI. STROPHE, stro'ft- (Lat., from Gk. aTpoipt/, a turning, from arpicjieiv, strephein, to turn, twist). A term which originally designated the evolutions of the Greek chorus from one position to another in the orchestra ; then the portion of the song which accompanied this movement. In its ordi- nary sense, as applied to Greek and Latin lyric poetry, it designates a combination of rhythmical periods to which a following combination corre- sponds exactly or very closely ; these are known respectively as strophe and antistrophe (q.v.). The name is also often applied to the stanza of modern poetry. See Versification. STRO'PHOME'NA (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from crpoipoQ, sirophos, twisted, bent -|- fiyi'?/, i>ifrie, crescent). An important genus of fossil long- hinged brachiopods of Paleozoic age, typical of the family Strnphomenida>. The primitive mem- bers of this family are characterized by their general semicircular outline, long hinge lines, 1. Ortliothetes ('hi^munf;pnsis (view from the brachia Talve) ; 2, Strophomena tilitexta (pedicle valre). and well-developed cardinal teeth, distinct hinge areas, and low beaks. In the secondary derived members of the group the hinge line shortens, the beak lengthens, the hinge area increases in height, and the articulating processes undergo interesting modifications, while correlated modifications take 1. Stroptorhyncbus pelargonatus (profiled; 2, Derb.ra Bonnet ti (profile). place in the interior of the shell. The simplest and earliest member is Rafinesqulna (Ordovi- cian), with valves normally concavo-convex dorso- ventrally, and hinge line simple. Strophomena (Ordovician' and Silurian) in its embryonic stages has the general form of shell seen in Rafinesqulna, but the adults have the valves resupinate or recurved so that the dorsal valve is convex and the ventral valve flat or concave. From Rafinesqulna arises a long line of descen- dants reaching into Carboniferous times. These genetically related types are Strophomena (Or- dovician to Silurian"), Orthothetes (Silurian to Carboniferous), Derbya (Carboniferous), Strop- torhJ^lchus (Upper Carboniferous to Permian). Consult Hall and Clarke, "An Introduction to the Study of the Genera of Paleozoic Brachio- poda," Palccontolociy of New York, vol. viii., part i. (Albany, 1892). STROSSMAYER, stros'nil-er. Joseph Georg (1815 — ). An Austrian Roman Catholic bishop, born at Eszek, Slavonia. After being educated at Diakovar, Budapest, and Vienna he became pro- fessor in the seminary at DiakovSr, afterwards Court chaplain in Vienna, and in 1849 Bishop of Diakovar. A leader of the Croatian national party, he promoted the cause of education in va- rious wa.ys, contributed largely to the establish- ment of the academy and university at Agram, and built the beautiful Romanesque cathedral at Oiakovfir. He came most prominently into no- tice at the time of the Vatican Council, in which he was considered the leader of the Inoppor- tunists, or those who considered it inadvisable to define Papal infallibility. STROTHER, stroTH'er, David Hunter (181G- 88). An American author and illustrator, born at Martinsburg, W. Va. Educated as an artist, he first became known to the public in 1852 as 'Porte Crayon,' the author of a series of amus- ing papers published in Harper's Magazine, de- scriptive of travel, scenery, and manners in the South. ]Iany of these were afterwards collected in The Blackwatcr Chronicle (IS.^S) and Vir- ginia Illustrated (1857). He entered the Union army as captain in 1801, became colonel, resigned in 1864, and in 1865 was brevetted brigadier-gen- eral. After the war he continued to write and sketch for periodicals, and from 1879 to 1885 was Consul-(eneral to Mexico. STROUD, Stroud. A town in Gloucestershire, England, 9 miles south-southeast of Gloucester, at the confluence of the Frome and Slade (Map: England, D 5). It is the centre of the woolen manufactures of Gloucestershire. The water of the Frome is peculiar!}- ailapted for use in dyeing scarlet and other grain colors; and on this account cloth factories and dye works have been built along its banks for a distance of twenty miles. Population, in 1901, 9188. At the Domesday survey Stroud was part of Bislej" Parish, from wliieh it separated in 1304. STROUDS'BURG. The county-seat of Mon- roe County, Pa., 53 miles southeast of Scranton, on the Analomink River, and on the New York, Susquehanna and Western and the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western railroads (Map: Penn- sylvania, F 3). It is in a beautiful region. But four miles distant is the famous Delaware Water Gap. In East Stroudsburg is a State Normal Scliool. There are flour and woolen mills. Popu- lation, in 1890, 2419; in 1900, 3450. STROZZI, strot'se. A noble Florentine family which first attained prominence toward the end of the thirteenth century. From that time until 1530 they appear as the rivals of the Medici, with whom they shared the great offices of State. At their most flourishing period toward the end of the fifteenth eenturj' they numbered eighty heads of families. Then was built from the plans of Benedetto da Majano and Cronaea that famous palace which has been ranked with the Farnese at Rome and the Vendramin at Venice as one of the three finest in Italy. Cosmo I. de' Medici upon his accession in 1537 brought about the fall of the rival house. Various branches of the family took foreign service or settled in Naples, Mantua, and Ferrara. STROZZI, Bern.rdo (1581-1644). An Italian painter (called II Prete Genovese and 11 Capuc- cino). He was born in Genoa and began to paint at sixteen, but gave up his art to become a Capuchin monk. The necessities of his family required his aid. however, and he was tempo- rarily permitted to leave the monastery in order (o give himself again to painting. When lie re- fused to return to the cloister after the death