Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/729

* STKINGHAM. 631 STKOMATOPORA. man in the navy in 1809, served on the frigate President in her conflict with the Little Belt, and in the cnfjiagciuent in which she was cap- tured by a Britisli squadron : {ouj;lit in the war with Algiers, and served on the Hornet against the West India pirates. In 1847, as commander of the Ohio, lie assisted in the bombardment of Vera Cruz. When the Civil War began he was made flag-ofliccr of the North Atlantic blockading squadron, and in August, 1801, cooperated with Gen. B. F. Butler in the capture of the forts on Hatteras Inlet. In the following month he asked to be relieved of command, probably because of the criticisms that had been made against him for not following up his success. In 1862 he became a rear-admiral on the retired list. STRIPPING (from strip, AS. strypan, Ger. »treifen, to strip, plunder ). A term used to designate the useless rock which overlies a bed of ore, coal, or building stone, and which has to be removed before the mineral or rock desired can be quarried. STROBEL, strOl^'l, Edwaed Henry (1855 — ). An American diplomat, born at Charleston, S. C. He was educated at Harvard. From 1885 to 1890 he was secretary of the United States legation at Madrid, and for a considerable period served also as charge d'affaires. In 1888-89 he acted as a special diplomatic agent of the United States to Morocco. Returning to the United States, he became in April, 1893, Third Assistant Secretary of State. In April, 1S94, he was ap- pointed United States Minister to Ecuador, but later in the year was transferred to Chile, where he remained until 1897. In the latter year he acted as an arbitrator in a dispute between France and Chile, and in 1899 was counsel for Chile before the United States and Chilean Claims Commission. In 1898 he became Bemis professor of international law in the Harvard Uaw School. In 1903 he was granted leave of absence to accept the post of general adviser to the Government of Siam under a two years' agreement. He published The Spanish Revolu- tion (1898). STROBOSCOPE. An instrument used for studying the motion of a body where by means of a rapid succession of slits or other openings, or its illumination at regular intervals, the eye receives a series of images on the retina. Where these impressions occur with sufficient rapidity the illusion of motion is produced, and advan- tage of this is taken in certain toys and scientific instruments. In its simplest form the strobo- scope, which was first devised by Stampfer and Plateau, consists of a disk or cylinder with a series of slits through which the observer looks at the pictures or moving object. As the disk or cylinder revolves the slits come successively before the eye and through them the observer gets a series of glimpses of the moving object. If each of the pictures represents a successive stage in an action such as the motion of a pendulum, a man or animal running, etc., the illusion of motion is produced, provided that the interval between the glimpses of the pictures is less than the duration of the image on the retina a time, which varies from 1-10 to 1-50 of a second. A simple stroboscope or zoetrope is illustrated in the article Illusion, while under KiNEToscopE will be found descriptions of some of the more complex apparatus based on this principle. Ansehiitz (q.v.), a German photog- rapher, who had achieved considerable success at instantaneous pliotography, made an important application of the stroboscope principle in his "tachyscope," by rotating transparent pictures on a drum or disk, and having them illuminated by the momentary glow jirodiiccd by the passage of a spark from an induction coil through a Geissler tube. .Mtlinugh the period of discharge is very brief, yet the sparks follow with reg- ularity, and as the successive pictures always occupy the same position relative to the eye of the oiiserver, the illumination appears continu- ous, a-nd the elVect of motion is produced. See Illusion: Kinetoscope. STRODTMANN, strAt'miin. AnoLF (lS-29-79), A German author, born at Flensburg. He studied at Kiel, and, while taking part in the insurrection of 1818, was wounded and captured by the Danes. On being set at liberty he pub- lished Lieder einr/^ Gefanfjenen avf der Dronning Maria (1848). He resumed study at Bonn under Kinkel, but was suspended on account of his po- litical activity. He then published Licder der Tfacht (1850) and a biography of Gottfried Kin- kel (1850). He went to Paris, to London, and in 1S52 to America, where for four years he was by turns bookseller and journalist in New York City and Philadelphia, Returning to Germany in 1856, he became known as a biographer of Heine and as war correspondent for several newspapers during the Franco-German campaign. He translated much from English writers. His most noteworthy volume in this field is Aniei'ih'imische Anthologie (1870), a group of successful renderings from American lyric poets. STROGANOFF, strO'ga-nof. A family of Russian nobles, descended from Anika, a wealthy merchant of Novgorod, who, in the beginning of the sixteenth century, owned extensive salt pits and iron works in the Ural Mountains, His sons Yakoff and Grigoki obtained from Czar Ivan IV, important territorial grants and trade mo- nopolies, founded several cities and fortified towns, and in 1574 received a deed of gift for the Siberian territory bordering on their possessions. The conquest was, however, not accomplished until after their death in 1581, by their young- est brother. Semen Anikitcii, with the coopera- tion of Yermak, ataman of the Don Cossacks, when Western Siberia was subdued within two years and annexed to the Russian crown. The extraordinary privileges granted to the family were taken, in 1722, from the then living repre- sentatives, the brothers Alexander. Nikolai, and Sergei, by Peter the Great, who in exchange con- ferred upon them only the baronial title. A great- grandson of Nikolai was Sergei Gkigobtevitcii (1794-1882), the chief promoter of the arphipo- logical excavations on the shores of the Black Sea. He founded and endowed a school of de- sign at Moscow, and acted as curator of the Mos- cow educational district in 1835-47. His sound judgment in the selection of professors, his mu- nificence and liberal spirit, made this the most brilliant period in the history of the University of Moscow. STRO'MATOP'ORA (Neo-Lat., from Gk. CTpufia^ stroma, covering -- ^bpor, pnros, pore). An extinct genus of hydroid corals, which formed extensive coral reefs during some periods of Paleozoic time. The colonies formed rounded or