Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/714

* STKATFOKD DE REDCLIFFE. 616 STRATTON. 1S58 and exerted great inlliioiice upon the Turk- ish Government with regard to its foreign rela- tions and the inauguration of political reforms. He was raised to the peerage in 1852 under the title of Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe. He was the author of some creditable verse. In 1881 extracts from his papers and correspondence were published, with a preface by A. P. Stanley, under the title, The Eastern Question. Consult also: Lane-Poole, Life of the Right Honourable Stratford Canning. Viscount Stratford de Red- cliffe (London. 1888). STRATEOED-UPON-AVON, a'von. A mu- nici|ial borough and township in Warwickshire, England, S miles southwest of Warwick, on the Avon, famous as the birtliplace of Shakespeare (ilap: England, E 4). The tow'n is neatly built, with wide, pleasant streets, containing numerous quaint, half-timbered houses. The house in. which Shakespeare was born is still preserved, and there is a Shakespeare memorial building, including a theatre and a gallery of Shake- spearean paintings, and a library of rare Shake- speareana. The poet is buried in the parish church of the Holy Trinity, a line cruciform structure partly early Englisii and Perpendicular, dating from the twelfth century and built on the site of a Saxon monastery which existed before 691. Other interesting remains of Shakespeare's time are the grammar-school endow-ed in 1482, in which he was educated, the guildhall, and the town hall. In the neighl)orhood at Wilmcote is the cottage of his mother, ilary Ai'den. and at Shotterj', that of his wife. Anne Hathaway. Stratford is annually visited by 30,(100 tourists, one-fourth of wlioni are from the United States. The town is an old free market borough with a governing charter since 1553. Population, in 1891, 11,400: in 1901, 10,600. Consult: Lee, Stratford-on-Avon (London, 1890) ; Savage. The Registers of Stratford-on-.i-on. (London, 1898). STRATH'CLYDE'. A British kingdom which first appears prominently in the seventh cen- tury as one of the strongholds of the original Celtic inhabitants against the invading Anglo- Saxons. It lay in the western part of the island between the Clyde River and the Derwent in what is now Cumberland, though the name is sometimes applied to the entire tcrritorj' be- tween the Clyde and the ilersey. It was from an early time closely connected with the Scot- tish ci'own, to which it was united in 1124. STRATHCO'NA AND MOUNT ROYAL, Donald Alexander Smith, first Lord ( 1820 — ). He was born at Archieston. Morayshire, Scotland, and after receiving n connuon-sehool education entered the employ of the Hudson's Ba.v Compan,y in 1838. After years of work on the coast of Labrador and in the Northwestern wilderness he was promoted to chief factor, and from that position to resident governor and chief commissioner of the company in Canada. In 1870 he was elected to the first session of the Manitoba Legislature, and to the Canadian House of Commons, and was appointed a mem- ber of the first executive council of the North- west Territory. Four years afterwards he re- signed from the Provincial Legislature, but, with the exception of the period from 1880 to 1887, he remained a member of the Dominion Parlia- ment until 1896, when he was appointed High Commissioner to London and a member of the Queen's Privy Council of Canada. He became largely interested in railroads, and it was due to him more than to any other num that the Canadian Pacific Railway was completed. For this service Queen Victoria knightod him in 1886, and in 1897 raised him to the peerage as Baron Strathcona and Jlount Royal. STRATH'MORE'. In its most comprehensive sense, an extensive plain in Scotland (q.v.). STRATH'NAIRN', Hugh Henry Rose, Baron (1803-85). A distinguished English gen- eral, born at Berlin, Ciermany. He served in 1840-41 under General Miehell with the Turkish troops again.st Jlehemet Ali : from 1842 till 1851 was British agent in Syria, and became charge d'affaires at Constantinople in. 1852. During the Crimean War he distinguished himself at Inkerman, and for his services was promoted to the rank of major-general. In the Indian Mutiny he commanded the Central India field force, and gained a great victory on April 1,1858, over Tantia Topi, with 20,000 men. and cap- tuicd Jhansi. the strongest fortress in Central India, April 5th; Kalpi, May 23d and Gwalior, June 19th. For these services he received the thanks of Parliament, was gazetted a G.C.B., and in 1860 was promoted to be lieutenant-gen- eral. He returned to England in 1805. and was soon after given command of the forces in Ire- land, where he prevented the Fenian troubles from becoming formidable. In 1867 he was pro- moted to be general, and in 1877 became a field- marshal. Consult Low, Soldiers of the Victorian Age (London, 1880). STRATHSPEY, strath'spa' (so called from Strathsiiry in Scotland). A rapid Scotch dance in I time, somewhat resembling the reel (q.v.). Its music is composed of dotted eighths and six- teenths, and the dance itself is of a violent, jerky character. Its history dates from the lat- ter part of the eighteenth century. STRATIFICATION (from stratify, from Lat. stratum, pavement, coverlet, neu. sg. of stratus, p.p. of sternere, to spread, extend, strew -- facere, to make, do). The term used in geology to de- fine the arrangement of certain rocks into more or less parallel layers. Stratification is a very general characteristic of sedimentary deposits, sandstone, shale, limestone, etc.. which for the most part have accumulated on the shores of the sea and the beds of lakes and rivers. The rock materials in each la.ver are of homogeneous character, due- to the uniformity of conditions during the time of deposition, but the passage from one la.yer to another may be marked bv a change in the nature and size of the materials, indicating a variation in the process of deposi- tion. The layers are separated bv divisional planes which mark periods of interruption in the desposition. When the layers are very thin, as in shale, for example, they are generally known as laminae. A stratum is a group of one or more layers of the same mineral substance. See Geology. STRAT'TON, Charles Sherwood (1838-83). An American dwarf, born in Bridgeport. Conn. Owing to his sraallness of stature at the age of fourteen years, he was engaged by P. T. Barmim, and was exhibited throughout Europe and else- where, under the name of Gen. Tom Thumb: at the time of his engagement his weight was six-