Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/712

* STBASSBURG. 614 OF) is situated across the 111 to the south- east of the city. There are, in addition, the iniportant Protestant Gymnasium, the acad- emy with its collections, a lyceum, a Roman Catholic seminar}', a very fine municiiial con- servatoriuni of music, a mechanics' school of art, and an industrial art school. The municipal theatre is an admirable institution. The Frauen- haus contains an architectural and sculptural col- lection. The city archives are very valuable. The numerous excellent hospitals are mostly situ- ated in the southern part of the city. The city government is administered by the burgomaster, with six associates, and a council of 36 members. The city is divided into four cantons. Strassburg is commercially important, having of late greatly increased its trade, a con- siderable part of the traflic between France, Ger- many, and Switzerland passing through the city. The 111 is canalized; the Rhine-Marne and other canals traverse the city; and Strassburg is a railway centre. The new port covers upward of 300 acres, with wharves and quays on the Rhine. Latterly manufactories have grown up to some extent and include foundries, locomotive works, tobacco factories, tanneries, piano factories, chemical works, etc. Much jeweliy is manu- factured. The population in 1900 was 151,041, of whom one-half or more were Roman Catholics. History. Strassburg is the Argentoratum of the Romans. A bishopric appears to have been established before the seventh century, when the name Stratisburgum began to be used. In 1262 its citizens threw off the yoke of the bishop in a battle at Oberhansbergcn. The city, free and in- dependent, had reached a high degree of pros- perity at the Reformation. The citizens em- braced Protestantism at an early date — 1520. In 1681 Louis XIV. suddenly took possession of Strassburg, which was fortified by Vauban. It remained a French city until it became a part of the German Empire as a result of the Franco- Prussian War. It was an important military point under the French, and in 1870 held out against the Germans for six weeks under its gal- lant commander Uhrich, who finally capitulated on September 27th with over 17,000 men. Great damage was wrought during the siege by the bom- bardment. Consult: Krieger, TopograpMe der Stadt Strassiurg (Strassburg, 1894) ; Forster, Strass- burg, die Eauptstailt dcs Rcichslandcs (ib., 1894) ; Euting, Besclireihiing der Stadt Strass- hurg (12th ed., ib., 1901) ; Beitrtige zur Oe- schichte der Stadt SIrasshurg (ib., 1896 et seq.) ; and Staehling, Bistoire contcmporaine de Stras- bourg (Paris, 1884). STRASSBURG, Unh-eesity of. A German university, the outgrowth of an earlier gymna- sium, formally founded by privilege of Ferdinand II., in 1621. It flourisbed greatly in the seven- teenth and eighteenth centuries, and. though Strassburg became French territory in 1681, the university retained much of its German char- acter. Goethe and Herder studied here in 1770. It disappeared in the Revolution, rose again in 1802 as a Protestant academy, and in 1808 be- came a part of the University of France by the university reform of Napoleon i. After the war of 1870 the institution once more became Ger- man and was reorganized as a luiiversity in 1872. It has since been greatly encouraged by the Im- STRATEGY. perial Government as a centre of German influ- ence and culture in reclaiming Alsace-Lor- raine, and is in consequence in a very flourishing condition. Its budget is more than 1,000,000 marks, and it had in 1901 about 1200 .students. Its library contains more than 700,000 volumes. There are various institutes connected with the university. STRASSER, stras'er, Arthur (1854 — ). An Austrian sculptor, born at Adelsberg, Carniola. After having studied at the Vienna Academy, in 1871-75, he worked in the studios of Pilz and Kundmann, but soon branched off independently into a line of naturalistic production, first ex- emplified b}' statuettes of Japanese jugglers and actresses. The dark complexion and picturesque costumes of the Oriental races ne.xt attracted him to fashion terra-cotta figures, which, by skillful coloring, he succeeded in making impressively true to nature, as well in the racial peculiarities of his models as in all material accessories. These qualities are especially apparent in the "Egyptian Snake-Charmer," "The Secret of the Tomb," and the "Hindu at Prayer." His figures in bronze are equally lifelike, witness his "Goose-Girl" and the "Glimpse into Eternity." He also produced animal figures, especially lions, on a large scale, of which the "Iriumplial Chariot ol Alarcus Antoninus," in Vienna, is a sterling example. STRATEGY (OF. stratcgie, Fr. stratcgie, from Gk. a-paTr/yia, stratCgla, generalship, from ffTparriydi:, strutcgos, general, from a-paroc, stra- tos, army, encampment, from uropsvvivai, storen,- nynai, Lat. sternere, Skt. star, to spread, extend, strevf .--'ttyiiv,agein, to lead). Strategy is one of the two great subdivisions of the art of war, and comprises all those larger measures which relate to the grand field of operations, the object of which is to have the troops enter the contest of arms, the battle, under the most favor- able conditions, involving the direction of the troops toward the battlefield, as well as the measures taken to reap the rewards of success. It has been defined as the use of battles in war, in contradistinction to tactics (the other great subdivision of the art of war), which is the use of troops in battle; or, again, as the art of lead- ing armies, while tactics is the art of leading the smaller subdivisions of armies and is fully treated under its own head. See Tactics. The scope of strategy has been greatly extended with time. Formerly, it did not enter as a fac- tor in war until the armies were actually in the field; but to-day national policy is also a de- termining factor, and one of vast importance, in view of the fact that modern wars are conducted on a grand scale and with great rapidity, there- fore requiring definite plans to be prepared be- forehand, in which questions of statesmanship and diplomacy are necessarily leading factors. Moreover, finance and commerce must also be considered. Among the principles upon which strategy is based or according to which it is directed are: ( 1 ) National policy and strategy must be kept in perfect agreement in war, and closely allied at every point, to accomplish the best re- sults. (2) When countries are at war each will prob- ably finally concentrate its troops in a single army, so as to be able to strike decisive blows with its united power; hence the principal ob-