Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/68

* SHANGHAI. 52 SHANNON. French settlement), and here the junk trade con- centrates. The river bank, originally a tow-path, was reserved for a butid or esplanade. The streets parallel with it are named after Chinese prov- inces; the cross-streets after Chinese cities. They are all well made, well kept, watclied, and lighted, and are lined with imposing foreign establishments — commercial, residential, and public. Here are hospitals, schools, colleges, dis- pensaries, club-houses, theatres, reading-rooms, libraries, the chambers of commerce. Trinity Ca- thedral, a fine Roman Catholic churcl, a Union church, Jlasonie Hall, the buildings of the Mixed Court, etc. There is a small park on the bund op- posite the British consulate, and there are several monuments. In the western part of the set- tlements there is ii very large native population, numbering several hundred thousand, and stead- ily growing. In IftOl the total population of the port was estimated at 620.000. The foreign pop- ulation of the settlements was 6774. As else- where in China, under the 'exterritoriality' clauses of the treaties, all foreigners are subject to the jurisdiction of their own consuls in civil, criminal, and political matters. Great Britain and Germany, however, have provided special courts, to which persons of other nationalities sometimes resort by agreement. In P'u-tung, the district on the east bank of the river, are the shipyards, dry docks, found- ries, engineering establishments, machine shops, etc., and the river bank is lined with wliarves and great warehouses and stores. The manu- facturing establishments include a number of extensive cotton mills, silk factories, ginning factories, packing houses, a paper mill, match factories, flour mills, and many others. A con- siderable number of these establishments are owned by native companies. In mo'l, 4182 vessels (5,395.92.5 tons) entered, and 4719 (5,.3S5,200 tons) cleared, and the gross trade of the port (as given by the Imperial Maritime Customs) was 298.454,780 haikwan taels, or about .$220,000,000. The principal imports are cotton yarn and cot- ton goods, opium, kerosene oil, metals, sugar, coal, and woolen goods. The native exports are composed chiefly of silk, tea, raw cotton, rice, wool, beans, cereals, paper, and oils. Shanghai played a prominent part during the Tai-ping rebellion. The native city was taken by the Triad rebels in 185.3 and held by them for seventeen months. Owing to the presence of a British squadron, however, the foreign settle- ments were unharmed, and multitudes of native refugees iloekeil into them for protection. In 1860 British and French troops were landed, cleared the country of rebels within a circle of 30 miles, and remained in possession for five years, until the rebellion came to an end. The first railway in China — 6 miles in length — was constructed here in 1876. After running successfull.y for a time it was purchased by the native authorities, torn u]), and the plant shipped to Formosa, and there allowed to rust. SHAN-HAI-KWAW, shiin'hilcwan' (Chin., mountain-sea-liarrier) . A fortified town of the Province of Chih-li, China, situated at the eastern end of the Great Wall, where it enters the Giulf of Pe-chi-li (Map: China, F. 4). It consists of three towns separated by strong walls, the whole surrounded by one wa-11. The inner town, which is the largest of the three, is devoted to business, the one on the east is occupied by soldiers and ollicials, and that on the west by soldiers and tradespeople. It is a station on the railway lead- ing from Tien-tsin to Mukden (q.v.), now com- pleted as far as Sin-ming-t'ing, 35 miles west of ilukden. There are large railway shops here. Ching-wangtao, in the immediate vicinity of Shan-hai-kwan, with a pier 2000 feet long, was opened to foreign trade December 15, 1901. SHAN'NON. The longest river in Ireland and in the United Kingdom. It rises in the Cuilcagh Mountains, County of Cavan, and after a southwest course of 254 miles, falls into the Atlantic Ocean, between the headlands of Loop and Kerry ( Map : Ireland, B 4 ). It passes tlirough Loughs Allen, Boderg, Ree, and Derg, and below Limerick it widens into an estuary 56 miles long and 2 to 10 miles wide. It is canal- ized between Limerick and Athlone, making an accessible waterway of 158 miles almost midway between the east and west coasts of Ireland. It connects with Dublin by the Grand and Rogel canals. Vessels of 1000 tons reach Limerick and small steamers ply to Athlone, but the number of canal locks (21) impair the utility of the river for navigation. Consult Harvey, The Shannon and Its Litlcs (London, 1896). SHANNON, James .Jebusa (1802—). An English portrait painter. He was born at Au- burn, N. Y., but passed his boyhood in Canada. At the age of fifteen he entered the iSouth Ken- sington Art Schools (London), in which he achieved high distinction. His powerful and firmly painted likenesses soon made him one of the most popular English portrait painters, and he was admitted to the Royal Academy in 1897. His most celebrated portrait is the full-length figure of Henry Vigne, which took first class medals at Paris, Berlin, and Vienna. Well known also are his pictures of his wife as "Iris" and a "Madonna and Child." SHANNON, WiLSox (1802-77). The second Governor of Kansas Territory. He was born at Saint Clairsville, Ohio, was educated in the col- lege at Athens in that Stat-e and at Transylvania University, Kentucky, and later began the prac- tice of law in Saint Clairsville. In 1838 he was elected Governor of Ohio, as a Democrat. At the end of a second term he was sent as Minister to Mexico, where he remained until war began with th.at country. In 1855 he was appointed Governor of Kansas Territoiy to succeed Andrew H. Reeder (q.v.). During his administration occurred the 'Wakarusa War,' the arrest of Governor Charles Robinson (q.v.) and others of the free- State Government, the capture of Lawrence, the dispersal of the free-State Legislature at Topeka, the Pottawatomie Massacre, and the events lead- ing up to the 'Treaty of Lawrence.' In the early diiys of his administration Governor Shannon aifiliated almost entirely with the Pro-Slavery Party, but he later gave great offense by refusing to act as its leaders desired. At length, after having been threatened with assassination, he resigned in August. 1856, a little less than a vear after taking office. He settled in Lecomp- ton, and later in Lawrence, where he died. Con- sult: Spring, Kansas (Boston, 1885), in the "American Commonwealth Series;" and Robin- son, The Kansas Conflict (New York, 1892).