Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/673

* STIRLING. 577 STOA. and West Churches — tlie former erected by James IV. about 14114 — and 'ilar's Work,' an incom- plete and richly ornamented structure, built in 157'2. Eopes, malt, leather, soap, and mineral oils are manufactured. Vessels of one hundred and fifty tons can reach the port of Stirling, but its river trade has decreased since the advent of railroads. Stirling (formerly Stryvehjne, or Estrivelin) is one of the most ancient and historically im- portant towns of .Scotland. Alexander 1. died in the castle in 1124. Near by, the battle of Stirling was fought in 1297. " (See Wallace, WiLLLAll.) The town was taken by Edward I. after a siege of three months, in 1304. In the vicinit.y, at Bannoctkburn (q.v.), the famous bat- tle of that name was fought in 1314. The castle was the birthplace of James II. and of James V. James III. built the Parliament House in the castle, and otherwise improved and embellished the fortress. Janies V. built the palace, the walls of which are profusely covered with gro- tesque ornamentation. In the older part of the castle is the 'Douglas Room.' in which William, Earl of Douglas, was assassinated by James II. In 1G51, after the battle of Dunbar, the castle was taken by Monk; and it witlistood a siege bv the Highlanders in 1745. Population, in 1891, 10,800; in 1901, 18,403. Consult: History of the Chdpel Royal of tStirling (Grampian Club, 1882 ) : Charters of Stirling ( 1884) . STIRLING, Earl of (1726-83). See Alex- ander, William. STIRLING, James (1002-1770). A mathe- matician, born at (iarden, Stirlingshire. Scotland. He was educated at Glasgow University and Balliol College, Oxford. He was expelled from Oxford (1715) on account of his relations with the .Jacobites, and went to Venice, where he took up the study of mathematics. It was during his residence in Venice that he wrote his work Linrw Tertii Ordinis yctitonioiiw (1717), and his paper Uethodiis Differcntialis Newtoniana lUii.itrata, which was communicated to the Ro_val Society through Newton ( Pliilosophical Tr<iiiiiactions. 30: 1050). Stirling returned to London in 1725 and devoted himself to the teach- ing of niiithematics, enjoying the friendship of Newton and corresponding with many of the noted mathematicians of the day. His greatest contribution to mathematics was his Mcthodus Differcntialis, sire Tractattis de Snnimalione et Interpolatione Serierum Infinitariim (1730; 2d ed. 1764; English trans. 1749). STIRLING, James Hitchinson (1820—). A Scottish philosopher, born at Glasgow, .Janu- ary 22, 1820; studied arts and medicine at the Glasgow University. He practiced medicine for some years, but soon gave up medicine to study philosophy. He published The Secret of Hegel (1897) ; a translation of Sehwegler'.s History of Philosophy (1867); As Regards Protoplasm (1869); Lectures on the Philosophi) of Laiv (1873) ; Text-Book to Kant (1881) ; Philosophy and' Theology (1890); Workmen and Work (1894): etc. ' STIRLING-MAXWELL, Sir Williaji (1818-78). A Scotch author, born near Glas- gow. He bore the n:me of Stirling until 1866, when by the death of Sir .John Jlaxwell, his maternal uncle, he succeeded to a baronetcy and assumed the name of Maxwell. He graduated at Cambridge in 1839, after which he visited Spain and l''rance, and devoted several years to studies of the historj% literature, and art of Spain at the close of the mediteval period. He was elected to Parliament for Perthshire in 1852, and represented that borough almost continuously for more than twenty years, lie was rector of the University of Saint Andrews in 1803, of that of Edinburgh in 1872, and in 1875 was elected cliancellor of the University of Glasgow. He was the author of Annals of the Artists of Spain ( 1848) ; The Cloister Life of Charles V. (1852) ; and Yelasyucz and His Works (1855). STIR'LINGSHIRE. A west-midland county of Scotland, on the border between the High- lands and the Lowlands of the country, and bounded on the north by Perthshire, and by the river and Firth of Forth (Map: Scotland, D 3). Area, 451 square miles. Much of it is occupied by the carses of Stirling and Falkirk, formerly covered with unproductive moss, but now mostly converted into profitable agricultural lands. The chief elevation is Ben Lomond (q.v.). The rivers are the Forth, the Carron, and the End- rick. Loch Lomond is the only important lake. Stirlingshire is noted for its minerals, especial- ly ironstone, which is wrought on an extensive scale at Carron. Woolen goods are manufactured at Alva and Bannockburn, and in the neighbor- hood of Stirling. The capital is Stirling. Popu- lation, in 1801, 50,800; in 1851, 86,200; in 1901, 142,291. STITCH'WORT ( Stellaria ). A genus of an- nual and perennial plants of the natural order Caryophyllea;, having weak stems and white llowers, which in some are minute, and in others are large enough to be ornamental. To this genus the conuuon chickweed is generally re- ferred. STITH, William (1689-17.55). An American colonial historian, born in Virginia. He went to England, studied theology', was ordained priest in the Established Church, and on his return (1721) was made master of the Grammar School at Wil- liam and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va. He won a distinguished place among the clergymen of the colony, was chosen chaplain of the House of Burgesses in 1738, and rector of Henrico Parish and president of William and Mary College (1752-55). He is known for his scholarly but unfinished History of Virginia from the First Settlement to the Dissolntion of the London Com- pany (1747, reedited with a bibliography 1866). This work is highly praised for its accuracy and nuich blamed for its diffuseness, being, in the opinion of .Jefferson, "inelegant and often too minute to be tolerable." STOA (Gk. (TToi, a-Toid, a roofed colonnade, piazza, porch). One of the extended colonnades surrounding the marketplace and often extending through the principal streets of Greek cities. The stoa was always roofed, its main purpose being that of shelter in bad weather, and its floor was above the level of the street. At the back was usually an inclosed wall, and in front a single or double colonnade facing the street. Later, when broader spaces were to be roofed, the stoa became an independent structure. Sometimes a dividing wnll was placed between the two rows of columns; but the more usual