Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/67

* SHAMROCK. 51 SHANGHAI. and ii sail area of 1-4.125 square feet. She was desi^iu'd by Williani Fife, Jr., built on the Clyde, and sailed by Captain llofjarth. Sliuniruck II. wjA the challenger in 1901, and although de- feated in the first three races, came nearer to actual victory than any of her predecessors. She was l;i7 feet in lenifth over all. 89.2,') feet water line, 24 feet beam. 20 feet draught, and had a sail area of 14,027 square feet. The first race took place on September 28th 1901, Columbia, the victor of the 1899 races, again defeating the challenger by 1 minute and 20 seconds. The second race, on October 3d, resulted in another defeat of the challenger, by 3 minutes and 33 seconds; in the third and last race SIkdiii-ocIc II. came in first, but lost on the time allowance of 43 seconds, the decision leaving Columbia winner bj' 41 seconds. Hhainrock II. was built by Messrs. Denny, of Dumljarton, and designed by Watson. Sliainrock III. was designed by Fife. Her meas- urements were: Length over all, 134.42; water line, 89.78; beam 23 feet; draught 10 feet; sail area. 14,1.54 square feet. Captain Wringe, the skipper of Shamrock II., held the wheel. The first race was held on August 22. 1903. and re- sulted in a victory for the American boat, Reli- ance ( q.v. ), by 7 minutes and 3 seconds. The second and third races had a similar ending, the Shamrock III. losing on August 2Gth by 1 min- ute and 19 seconds in the second attempt, and on September 3d. in the third and final race, she got lost in the fog and did not complete the race. See Yacht .xd Y.xciitixg. SHAMYI,, sha'mll (1797-1871). A cele- brated leader of the independent tribes in the Caucasus. He was born at Aul-Himry, in Dag- hestan, and belonged to a wealthy Lesghian family of rank. He was a disciple of Kasi-Mollah, the great apostle of Muridism, and seconded his en- deavors to do away with the feuds of the Cau- casian tribes and unite them against the Rus- sians. He was in the rebellion which broke out in 1824, and distinguished himself in the defense of Himry against the Russians in October, 1831. After the assassination of Hamzad-Bey, the suc- cessor of Kasi-JIollah, in 1835, Shamyl was elected imaxim. He made numerous changes in the religious creed and political administration of the mountaineers of the Eastern Caucasus for the purpose of more fully concentrating in himself the whole power. Shamyl's change of military tactics, from open to guerrilla warfare, brought numerous successes to the arms of the mountaineers. In 1839 Shamyl, after being twice defeated, was trapped in Akulgo, which was stormed, and his followers were put to the sword, but the leader escaped. He waged suc- cessful campaigns in 1843 and 1844, and gained over to his side the Caucasian tribes which had hitherto favored Russia. A civil and^a criminal cede were promulgated, a regular system of taxa- tion was established, and iDargo was made the capital of the principality tluis created, the pop- ulation of which exceeded 1,000,000. For a num- ber of years the fortunes of war alternated, but after the conclusion of the Eastern War ( 1853-50) the Russians resumed their attacks with great energy, advancing in several columns, establish- ing forts, and forcing the mountain tribes to detach themselves from Shamyl. On April 13, 1859, Shamyl's chief stronghold, Veden, was taken after a seven weeks' siege, and he became a mere guerrilla chief. He was finally captured, with the remnant of his followers, at Cunib, Sep- tember 0, 1859, was sent to Saint Petersburg, and a few days afterwards he was assigned a residence at Kaluga, with a pension of 10,000 rubles. He went in 1870 to Mecca, remaining a parole prisoner of the Russian Government. He died at .Medina in ilarch, 1871. SHANGHAI, shiing'hl' (Chin., above the sea). A city and treaty-port in the Province of Kiang-su, China, situated at the junction of the Hwang-p'u with the Wu-sung-kiang (here known to foreigners as Sooehow Creek), 12 miles above the entrance of the united stream (which bears the name of the smaller constituent, the Wu-sung) into the estuary of the Yang-tse (Map; China. F 5). It stands in latitude 31° 14' N., longitude 121° 28' E., on the eastern edge of the great alluvial tract known as the 'Great Plain of China,' The surrounding country is low-lying, and intersected by countless creeks and watercourses, which furnish easy means of communication, and are invaluable for irrigat- ing purposes, 'Ihe climate is generally health- ful. The mean annual temperature is 59° F. The native city is a hicn, or district city, and is surrounded with walls, which have a cir- cuit of 3^-2 miles and are pierced with 7 gates. Its streets are narrow and filth.y, and as regards its shops, temples, dwellings, and institutions, it differs little from any other city of the same class. It was at one time noted for its cotton industry, but its chief distinction now consists in giving name to and sharing the prosperity of the great cosmopolitan town, called the 'Model Settlement of the East,' which has grown up outside its walls on the north since 1842, when this spot was chosen by the British Government as one of the five ports to be opened to foreign residence and trade in accordance with the Treaty of Nanking. The nucleus of this important town was the 'British Concession,' then chiefly a marsh, laid down by the British consul in 1843. It stretches along the Hwang-p'u for three-fifths of a mile, is bounded on the north by Sooehow Creek, and on the south by the Yang- king-pang, a narrow creek parallel with the northern boundary. At an early date this was thrown open by the British Government to all treaty nations, but in 1849 the French ob- tained a separate 'concession,' which lies to the south of the British settlement and reaches to the walls of the native city. The United States never obtained by treaty any exclusive concession, but the Hong-kew district, to the north of Sooehow Creek, is popularly known as the 'American Concession,' because the first United States consul took vip his abode there. In 1803 this was surveyed and incor- porated «ith the British settlement for mimici- pal purposes. The French settlement has its own municipal government, but, as in the other settlements, there is no restriction, as to the nationality of residents, or of land-renters, who are the voters. The settlements now have a combined area of 8.35 square miles, and the har- bor has been extended up the river miles, in order to provide adequate wharf accommodation. The chief native suburb lies between the east gate of the native city and the river (above the