Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/667

* STIELER. 571 STIGMABIA. Paris, a pupil of Gi'Tard. then worked at Frank- fort and Milan, and in 1811 went to Rome, where he executed the larjie altar-piece '"Liberation uf Saint Leonhard'' (, Saint Leiuihard's, Krankfort ) . Called to ilunich in 1812, he portrayed all the members of the roval family, tlien in icnna, where he remained from ISIG to 1820, the Em- peror Francis and his consort, besides nuvny notables, among them Beethoven (1819). After his return to ilunieh Stieler became the most fashionable portraitist of his day, among whose numerous paintings of royalties, statesmen, scholars, artists, and other celebrities may be noted the familiar portrait of Goethe ( 1828, New Pinakothek, Munich ), reproduced in an earlier volume (see Goethe), and the famous "Gallery of Beauties" (1827-47, Royal Palace, Munich ) . STIELER, Kakl (1842-85). A Bavarian dialect poet and author, Ijorn in Munich, son of the preceding. After studying law in his native cit3' he undertook extensive travels, which he described in letters to the AUgemeinc Zeitung. Afterwards he became State archivist in Munich. His poems, written in the dialect of Upper Ba- varia and overflowing with fresh, delicious humor, appeared in the following collections: Berghleainclii (1805), Weil's mi freut (1876, 11th ed. 1890), Habt's a Hchneid'f (1877), and others, all of which met with great favor, as did also his High German poems HochlundsJieder (1879, Sth ed. 189G), Xc»e HochlandsUcder (1883, 4th ed. 1892), and Wanderzeit (1882, 3d ed. 1893). Posthumously were published Ein Winteridi/ll (21st ed. 1897), Kvlturbilder aus Bayern (2d ed. 1895). Natiir- xmd Lehens- bilder aus den Alpen (1890), Avs Fremde und Eeiinat (1886), and DiirchKricgsumFrieden ( 1895) . For his biography, consult Heigel (Bam- berg, 1891). STIFF-NECK. See Wryneck. STIFTER, stef'ter, Adalbert (1805-68). An Austrian poet, novelist, and painter, born at Ober- plan, Bohemia. He studied law at the University of Vienna, but gae the preference to history, philosophy, and natural science, embraced the profession of teacliing, and in 1850 was ap- pointed superintendent of public schools in Upper Austria. His idvls and novelettes, collected under the title Stud'ien (1844-51, 13th ed. 1895-96), rank with the best prose writings of his time, and from their first appearance evoked unstinted ad- miration. Their purely idjdlic character, utterly alien to all worldly problems and tendencies, the masterly details in the author's original concep- tions and descri])tions of nature, constituted so grateful a contrast to the current belletristic productions as to atone for the merely accessory role assigned to the human element. The Studien were followed by Bunte Steine (1852; 9th ed. 1892) ; and the novels Der Nachsommcr (1857) and Witiko (1865-67). His letters, with biogra- phy, were published by Aprent (1869). An edition of his complete works appeared in Prague (1901 et seq.). Consult: Kuh, Zwei Dichfer Oesterreichs (Pressburg, 1872) ; and the biogra- phies by Markus (Vienna, 1877), Proll (Prague, 1891), and Stoessl (Berlin, 1902). STIGMA (from Gk. arlyiLa, stigma, mark, brand, puncture). In anatomy, a spot or mark on the skin or a small cicatrix; in botany, an Vol. XVIII.— 37. apex, as the point of a pistil ; in cntomologj', the spiracle of an insect. To tlie psycbiatri.st a stigma is an anatomical or functional deviation from the normal in a degenerate person. Cer- tain stigmata are so oonstiuit and so frequent that they have been accepted as indices of de- generation by teachers, physicians and ollicers in prisons and asylums. Besides idiots, insane persons and certain criminals, the feeble-minded and the markedly eccentric are classed as de- generates. (See Degeneracy.) The stigmata of degeneration are anatomical, physiological or psychical; that is, they are deviations in form and shape, in function and faculty, from the normal. Anatomical Stigmata comprise irregularity in formation of the skull-cap or of the face; de- formity of the palate; irregularity of the teeth; anomaly of tongue, lips or nose ; spots on tlie iris, crossed eyes and other ocular changes ; ab- sence of ])igment in iris, hair and skin (see Al- bino) ; anomaly of the ears; shortening or lengthening of part of a limb, reduction or in- crease in the normal number of fingers; de- formity of the thorax, dwarfing, giantism, the oc- currence of feminine configuration in a male or of masculinity in a female; anomalies of the skin, including abnormal growth of hair or absence of proper hair, etc. The most frequently and easily observed ana- tomical stigmata are the irregular ears and teeth. The principal ear types are the Darwin ear, marked by a tubercle; the Morel ear, a large, smooth organ with thin edges; the Stahl ears, with various anomalies of the helix and crura (see Ear) ; and the Elainville type, in which the ears are not mates. Dental and palatal anoma- lies are very frequent, the degenerate's hard palate being dome-shaped, hip-roofed or flat- roofed, provided with a Gothic arch, or a horse- shoe arch, or asymmetrical. Frederick Peterson (q.v. ) considers the deformed palate one of the chief anatomical stigmata of degeneration. Tal- bot found 43 per cent, of abnormal palates among 1605 feelile-minded persons. Charon found 82 per cent, of abnormal palates in idiots and feeble- minded folk, 70 per cent, in epileptics, 80 per cent, in cases of general insanity, 70 per cent, in hysterical insane, 35 per cent, in cases of gen- eral paralysis, and 10 per cent, in apparently normal people. PiiY.siOLOGiCAL Stigmata, to follow Peterson's classification, include ( 1 ) anomalies of the motor function, such as delay in learning to walk, trem- ors, epilepsy; (2) anomalies of sensory function, such as deaf-mutism, migraine, blindness, defects in sight; (3) anomalies in speech, such as stam- mering, mutism ; (4) anomalies of genito-urinary function; (5) anomalies of instinct or appetite, such as desire for liquor or drugs; (6) dimin- ished resistance to external influences and to dis- eases; (7) delayed development of puberty. Psychical Stigmata include feeble-minded- ness. imbecility, idiocy, insanity, eccentricity, certain moral delinquency and sexual perversion. Consult: Morel, Traits des dcgenerescences (Paris, 1857); Charon, Thise de Paris (Paris, July 2, 1891); Nordau, Degeneration (New York, 1895) ; Peterson, "The Stigmata of Degen- eration." in State Hospitals Bulletin (Utica, N. Y., July, 1896). STIGMA'RIA (Neo-Lat., from Gk. arlyiia,