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* STEPHANUS. 550 STEPHEN. back valuable collections of classical manu- scripts. But his scholarly enthusiasm in launch- ing the editions of Plato (1578), and the The- saurus Liiujuiu Uracw (1572), whit-h were so long the source of all Greek lexicons, out- ran his business prudence. The great printing limise was nearly ruined and his later works were printed by others. Thirty first editions of Greek authors constitute a claim to renown sec- ond only to that won by the Thesaurus. — His son Paulus ( 1506-C.1G27 ) succeeded him, edited Euripides (1002) and Sophocles (1603), and in 1602, implicated in the Escalade (see Geneva), had to leave Geneva. — His eldest son, Anto- Nius (1592-1674), momentarily renewed the glories of the house of Paris, but event- ually died in the Hotel Dieu, old, blind, and poor. Consult: 'Reuoia.rd, Annales de I'imprimerie des Eiienne (2d ed., Paris, 1843) ; Feugfere, Essai siir la vie et les ccuvres de Henri Etienne (ib., 1853). For Robert's work in connection with the Greek New Testament, Scrivener, /?t- trodiiclion to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament (3d ed., London, 1883). STEPHEN, ste'ven. The first Christian mar- tyr. He was chosen first among the seven deacons whose selection is rehited in Acts vi., and the ac- count of his martyrdom is given in the following chapter. His execution does not seem to have had the sanction of the Roman authorities, and there- fore was illegal. The authenticity of the speech in chapter vii. has been questioned, but, on the whole, there does not seem to be valid reason for doubting that the account is trustworthy. Saint Stephen's festival is celebrated in the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches on December 2Gth. His relics were believed to have been dis- covered at Jerusalem in 415 and a minor festival on August 3d commemorates this event. Con- sult the commentaries on Acts vi. and vii. ; also McGiff'ert, The Apostolic Aye (New York, 1897); and for the discovery of the relics, Lagrange, Saint Etienne et son sanctuaire a Jerusalem (Paris, 1894). STEPHEN. The name of nine popes. Stephen I., Pope 254-257. The chief interest of his pon- tificate lies in the controversy over the validity of baptism by heretics, in which Stephen declared definitely that baptism, no matter by whom ad- ministered, was valid so long as the proper mat- ter and form were employed. (See Heretic Baptism.) He is called a martyr in the Liber Pontificalis, but the tradition cannot be traced further back than the sixth century. — Stephen" II., Pope 752-757. During his pontificate oc- curred the epoch-niaknig Donation of Pepin (q.v. ), which was the real foundation of the Papal States in the modern sense. Consult Schniiren, Die Entstehung des Kirchenstaates (Cologne, 1894).— Stephen III., Pope 768-772, a Sicilian by birth. He held a synod at the Lateran in 769, supported by the sons of Pepin, at which an attempt was made to exclude secular influence in Papal elections, and a decree passed against the Eastern Iconoclasts. The relations between the Franks and Lombards troubled the latter years of his reign, and Desiderius, King of the Lombards, had the chief influence in Rome until after Stephen's death. — Stephen IV., Pope 816-817. He was closely allied with the Em- peror Louis the Pious, whom he crowned at Eheims. — Stephen V., Pope 885-891. — Stephen VI., Pope 896-897. The most' striking event of his pontificate is characteristic of the darkness of the times. Urged on by the faction to whom he owed his elevation, Stepiien had tlie body of his predecessor Formosus disinterred, and afterthe formality of a trial and condcnmation stripped of its sacerdotal robes and thrown into the Tiber. Stephen liimself was soon imprisoned by a popu- lar uprising, and died in prison. — Stephen VII., Pope 929-931, during the period when Theodora and Marozia held sway in Rome. — Stephen VIII., Pope 939-942, while Jlarozia's son Alberic II. held the temporal power and restricted the Pope to purely spiritual functions. He was able, however, by threats of exconnnunication to re- duce to obedience the rebellious vassals of Louis IV. of France. — Stephen IX., Pope 1057-58, Frederick by baptism, brother of Gozelo, Duke of Lorraine. He was made a cardinal and chancel- lor of the Roman Church by Leo IX. On his return from an embassy to Constantinople he en- tered the Monastery of Monte Cassino, and be- came its abbot in 1057. As Pope he followed his German predecessors in their zeal for reform, but died in less than a year. Consult Will, Die Anfiiiige der Restauration der liirche im 11. Jahrhundert (Marburg, 1864). Some lists of popes eniunerate ten Stephens. The confusion arises from the fact that another of the name was elected immediately before Stephen II., but died four days after, before he had received epis- copal consecration, and is therefore not properly called Pope. STEPHEN (c.1097-1154). King of England from 1135 to 1154. He was the third son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, bj' Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, and was thus the nephew of Henry I. of England. He was brouglit over to England at an early age and became a favorite with his uncle, who bestowed on him large estates and obtained for him in marriage the hand of Matilda, heiress of Count Eustace of Boulogne. Henry's only son having died in 1120, the King sought to secure the crown for !iis daughter Matilda, widow of Henry V. of the Holy Roman Empire, and Stephen was among the first of the great barons to take the oath of fealty to Matilda. Nevertheless, on the death of Henry I. in 1135, Stephen hastened from Nor- mandy to England, seized the royal treasure, and was crowned King at Christmastide. Revolts in the south and west occurred in 1136, and though these were speedily suppressed, they broke out anew in the following year. In 1138 David I. of Scotland invaded England in support of the claims of his niece Matilda, but he was badly beaten in the battle of Northallerton (q.v.). Robert, Earl of Gloucester, half brother of Ma- tilda, also rose in rebellion, but was for the time defeated. Stephen, however, foolishly entered into conflict with the Church, whose cause was espoused by his own brother. Henry of Winches- ter, the Papal legate. While the quarrel was in progress, Slatilda and Robert of Gloucester landed in England, toward the end of 1139, and began a civil war which lasted for fourteen years and plunged England into utter misery. The nobles took advantage of the civil .strife to make themselves virtually independent, and tlieir castles, which Stephen had unwisely per- mitted them to build up, became mere robber strongholds and places of terror for the unhappy peasantry. The writer in the AngloSa<con