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* STANLEY. 499 STANTON. under the auspices of the Africa International Association (q.v.), and began five years of inces- sant toil, founding his stations from Vivi. on the lower Congo, to Stanley Falls, about 1300 miles up the river, making treaties with 4.'>0 native chiefs, carrying all his supplies and steamboats in sections on the heads of men 235 miles around the rapids of the lower Congo, building station houses, and planting gardens. The years IBS.") and 188t) were a period of comparative rest for the explorer, who had now been the recipient of honors from learned societies all over the world and was the most distinguished of living ex- plorers. In 1886 Stanley was placed at the head of an expedition for the relief of Emin Pasha (q.v.), Governor of the Equatorial Province of the Egyp- tian Sudan. In March, 1887, he reached the mouth of the Congo, ascended it to the Ar'uwimi, pushed on to the head of navigation on this tributary, and then struck out through the equa- torial wilderness in the direction of the Albert Nyanza. The party marched for months through interminable tropical forests, where the}' had literally to hew their way, and did not reach the Albert Nyanza until December 13, 1887. Out of 389 men only 174 were left, and they were lit- tle more than skeletons. In April, 1888, the intrepid Emin Pasha made his appearance on the shores of the lake. Stanley now retraced his steps to the Aruwimi in order to bring up a de- tachment of men which he had left there. He found but a remnant of them. For the third time he crossed the vast forest, and in .January, ISS!), he rejoined Emin, with whom he px-oceeded to the coast. On this journey Stanley made his .second crossing of Africa, emerging at Zanzibar after dis- covering the extent of the great forest, the water connection between Lake Albert Edward and the Albert Nyanza, the snowcapped Ruwenzori mountain chain between the two lakes, and the southwestern prolongation of the Victoria Ny- anza. This expedition ended his active career in Africa, of which he had given to the world more information than any other man, excepting Liv- ingstone. Stanley was patient and kind to the natives, and his success in founding the Congo Free State (q.v.) was largely due to the con- fidence he inspired and the friendships he won by his unfailing tact. At the same time he did not hesitate to fight the Africans with every resource at his command if their hostility threatened the destruction of his expeditions or imperiled his enterprises. Stanley was married to Dorothy Tennant, the artist, in 1890. In 1892 he became a naturalized citizen of Great Britain, and in July, IS!)."), he entered the British Parliament for North Lam- beth as a Liberal LInionist. In 1899 he received a Knighthood of the Bath. His books, which were published in London and New York, and most of which have been translated into several lan- guages, are: Hoio I Foiind Livingstone (1872) ; Ml/ Kalulu (1872); Coomas.tie and Mafjdala (1874); Through the Dark Continent (1878); The Conuo (188.5); In Darkest Africa (1890); My Dark Companions (1893) ; Slarcrt/ and the Klave Trade in Africa (1893) : M;/ Earh/ Travels and Adventures in Atnerica and Asia (189.5); and Throtifih South Africa (1898). STANLEY, Thomas (162.5-78). An English translator, born at Cumberlow, Hertfordshire, and educated at Cambridge. During the Civil War he traveled on the Continent, returning near its close and taking rooms in the .Middle Temple, where he devoted himself to literature. He wrote considerable verse, and translated many classical writers. Long famous were his edition of .I';sch}ius with a Latin translation (KitiS) and his compilation inider the title llistunj of I'hUosophii (4 vols., lG.53-02). Consult Stanley's Pornis and Tranxlations, edited with uu'moir by S. E. Brydges (London, 1814-1.5), and his trans- lations of Anacreon, edited by A. H. Bullen (Bohn's Classical Library, ib., "1893). STAN'NARD, Henrietta Euza Vauqhan (Palmer) (185(i — ). An English novelist, born at York. She became well known under the pseudonyms John Strange Winter and Violet Whyte. In 1884 she married Arthur Stannard, a civil engineer. Her first great successes were Sketches of Caralnj Life (1881), Booties' Baby (1885), and' Hon p-la (1885). Till she threw ofi' the mask of anonymity, these stories were supposed to have been written by an army otlicer. Among her later novels are: On March (1886) ; Garrison Gossip (1887) : .1 Siege Baby (1887) ; Beautiful Jim (1888); .4 Blamr1c-is Woman (1895); Heart and Sirord (1898); The Mar- ried Miss Binks (1900); A Blaze of Glory (1902) : and Marty (1903). STANOVOI (stii'no-voi') MOUNTAINS. A mountain range of Eastern Siberia. It begins on the Mongolian frontier south of Lake Baikal, where it merges with the Altai Range and is known as the Yablonoi Mountains (Map: Asia, 2). Thence it extends northeast in a large zigzag line 2400 miles, following for a part of its length the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, and terminating in the East Cape on the Bering Strait. For a kmg time imperfectly explored, it is now known to be not a true mountain range, but a plateau or height of land forming the water-parting between the Pacific and Arctic Oceans. It reaches its highest altitude, over 8000 feet, in Mount Te- hokhondo, or Sokhondo, in the extreme southern jiart, where it consists of rounded ridges covered with birch and larch forests. Farther north its mean elevation is only 3000 feet. STAN'TON, Edwin McMaster.s (1814-09). An eminent American statesman, born at Steu- benvillc, Ohio, December 19. 1814, of Quaker descent. He studied at Kenyon College from 1831 to 1833, later studied law.'and w.ts admitted to the bar in 1836. He first practiced in Cadiz, Ohio, and in 1837 became prosecuting attorney of the county. Later he practiced in Stcuben- ville, Ohio, and in Pittsburg, Pa., where he be- came the leader of the bar. and gained a high reputation, in particular, for his conduct of the ease of the State of Pennsylvania vs. the Wheel- ing Bridge Company. In 1856 he removed to Washington and practiced extensively before the United States Supreme Court. In 1858 he was in California acting as counsel of the L^nited Slates in certain important lanil cases. After President Lincoln's election in 18G0, on the reorganization of Buchanan's Cabinet, Stanton was api)ointed Attorney-General to succeed Jeremiah Black. In politics he was originally a .lacksonian Democrat, but later he became a stanch antislavery advo- cate, and while a member of T.uchanan's C.ibinet took a firm stand for the Union, declaring that the surrender of Fort Sumter would be a i)ublic