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* STANFIELD. 496 STANHOPE. Academy, and in 1848 settled at Hampstead, where he executed some of his flnest pictures. The "Battle of Trafalgar," painted for the United Service Club, is his best work. He painted in a broad style, but his coloring is cold, and he was seem- ingly untouched by the sentiment of the sea. His realism brought to him the approval of Ruskiu, but more recent critics do not find the same pleasure in his works. STAN'FORD, Charles Villiers (1852—). A British composer, born in Dublin. In 1ST2 he became organist of Trinity College. In 1883 he received the appointment of professor of compo- sition and conductor of the orchestra at the Royal College of Music; in 1885 he became conductor of the Bach choir, and in 1887 succeeded Mac- farren as professor of music at Cambridge. In 1897 he became conductor of the Leeds Philhar- monic Society and in I'JOl of the Leeds Festival. He received the degree of doctor of music from Oxford and Cambridge, and in 1902 was created a knight. His compositions include many operas, notably Savonarola (1884) and Shamtis O'Brien (1896), but he appealed to a larger public in his oratorios and choral works. STANFORD, Leland (1824-93). An Ameri- can capitalist, born at Watervliet, N. Y. In 1849 he removed to Wisconsin and for a time practiced law in Port Washington. In 1856 he established a commercial business in San Fran- cisco. He was elected Governor of California on the Republican ticket in 1861. In the same year he became president of the new Central Pa- cific Railway Company, and, repairing to Wash- ington, successfully lobbied for the passage by Congress of the bill granting Government aid to the project. In the construction of the road he personally undertook the responsibility and supervision of that part of the I'oad crossing the ridge of the Sierra Nevada ilountains, and as a result 530 miles of mountain road were con- structed in 293 days. The road was completed in 1866 to Ogden, Utah, where it was subsequently coimected with the Union Pacific system. Stan- ford was elected United States Senator in 1884 and in 1890. He founded Leland Stanford, Junior, University (q.v.) at Palo Alto, Cali- fornia, as a memorial to his son. STANG, stiing. Emil ( 1838— ). A Norwegian statesman, son of Frederik Stang. He studied law in Christiania and in 1884, two years after his election to the Storthing, was reckoned the leader of the Conservative Party. In 1891 he was forced to retire after two fairly successful years as Prime Minister and became an assessor of the Christiania Supreme Court. He was called upon again in 1893 to form a Ministry, and stayed in office through the confusion of the early part of 1895, when the task of forming a new Cabinet was declined by nearly every leader of the Radi- cal Party. The dispute as to the division of the consular offices between the two parts of the kingdom caused his overthrow. Stang then re- turned to his former post in the Supreme Court. STANG, Frederik (1808-84). A Norwegian statesman, leader of the Conservative Party and Norway's first Prime iMinister. He represented Christiania in the Storthing in 1859- 60: in 1861 formed a Ministry; and in 1873 be- came first Prime Minister under the new Cabinet regulations. He became popular owing to his part in the introduction of railroads and tele- graphs and kept office in spite of a large radical majority in the Storthing until 1880, when he voluntarily resigned. Stang was a national au- thority on jurisprudence and constitutional law, his principal works being Systematisk frtniistil- Ung of Kongeriget 2'orges konstitutionelle eller griiiidiofsbestimmte ret (1833) and Oni den kongelige sanktionsret after ^'orges grundlov (1883). STANHOPE, stan'op, Charles Mahon, third Earl of Stanhope (1753-1816). An Eng-- lish statesman and scientist. He was born in London and was educated at Eton and at Geneva. Returning to London, he married the eldest daughter of Lord Chatliam ( 1774), was elected to Parliament (17801. and succeeded to his father's peerage (1786). Sympathizing with the French Revolution, he introduced into the House of Lords a motion against English interference in the affairs of France. As his motion had no support, he was thereafter known as 'the minority of one.' He was caricatured as 'Citizen' Stanhope. He devised several mechanical in- ventions, of which the most important was an iron hand press, called the Stanhope printing press. He also perfected a process of stereotyp- ing, and constructed two calculating machines. Consult Fletcher, Earl Stanhope's Opinions (London, 1810). STANHOPE, Edw.rd (1840-93). An Eng- lish statesman, second son of the fifth Earl of Stanhope, born in London, and educated at Oxford. He was appointed by Lord Salisbury (1886) Secretary of State for the Colonies. In the following December he was transferred to the War Office and introduced nearly all of the im- portant measures for army reform in England and for the reorganization of the War Depart- ment. His administration was sustained in Parliament and the ilinistry, but did not enjoy popular support. STANHOPE, Lady Hester Lucy (1776- 1839 ). The eldest daughter of Charles, third Earl of Stanhope. In 1803 she went to reside with her uncle. William Pitt, as superior of his estab- lishment, and became his most trusted confidant and private secretary. Till his death she had full scope for the e.xereise of her imperious in- stincts. On the death of Pitt a pension of £1200 a year was assigned her by the King. Conceiving a "disgust for society, she left England and wan- dered for a year or two in the Levant, finally set- tling among the .semi-civilized Druses of Mount Lebanon in a convent, which she fortified, at the village of Djoun. Here she adopted Eastern man- ners and by the force and fearlessness of her character obtained a curious ascendency among the rude races around her. She was regarded with superstitious reverence as a sort of prophet- ess, and gradually came so to consider herself. Assuming the garb of a Mohammedan chieftain, she adopted a religion which seems to have been sincere and profound, and was compounded in about equal proportions from the Koran and the Bible. The main sources of information about her are the notes of the frequent travelers, including Lamartine and Kinglake. who visited her in her strange seclusion, and of Dr. Meryon, her occasional medical attendant. Consult: Meryon, Memoirs of Lady Hester Stanhope (3