Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/543

* SPOROZOA. 467 SPOTTISWOODE. (Hcrmamcrha or I'kisiiwdiiiiii Lavcraiii) which invades and destroj's at a certain stage in its life history the red corpuscles of the blood. The spo- rozoites are ileveloped in a mosquito ( Anii])lieles) and are transferred from the salivary glands to man bj' the sting or prol)OScis. The bird-malaria germ is communicated by the ordinary mosquito (Culex). Another form (Apiosoma bigcniinum) causes the Texas fever in cattle, the infection being carried by ticks (q.v.). A parasite of the tsetse fly (q.v.), ^vhich is a flagellate luvmato- Eoan, is the cause of the tsetse disease in Southern Africa. See Insects and Disease, in article Ixsect. The Mjxosporida are generally rather large sporozoa, their hosts being fish and insects. The silkworm disease called pebrine is due to one of the iIyxos])orida (Glutjca homhijcis), which in- habits all the tissues of the caterpillar. Tile Sarcosporida, also called Rainey's or Mieschers's corpuscles, take up their abode in the voluntary muscles of mammals. They form oval cysts, which when ripe inclose spores, each of which contains numerous kidney-shaped sporozo- ites. Thus Sarcoeystis Miescheriana occurs in the muscles of the pig; >yarcocystismiiris in the mouse; Sarcociistic Lindcmanni rarely in human muscle. SPORT (by aphicresis for (lisporf, from OF. desportcr, dcporler, depportcr, to support, banish, amuse, divert, from Lat. departure, to carry away, from de. down, away + portare, to carry). In biology, the appearance at birth of an indi- vidual having one or more marked or extraordi- nary physical or mental cliaracteristics; a sud- den aberration from the type. See Evolution; Natural Selection. SPORTS, Book of. A name popularly given to an edict issued by James I. of England in 1618 dictating the games which should or should not be played on Sundays after divine service. According to this declaration "no lawful recrea- tion shall be barred to my good people which does not tend to the breech of the laws of my kingdom and the canons of the established Church." The s])orts allowed were dancing, archery, leaping, vaulting, May games, AVhitsun ales, Morris dances, and the setting up of ilay poles. The occasion of this proclamation was the conduct of some Puritan authorities in the County of Lancashire, who, by their arbitrary repression of the customary recreations of the people, had created considerable discontent and (in the estimation of the King and his advisers) "had given much comfort to the Roman Cath- olics" by giving a repulsive aspect to the re- formed religion. The unlawful sports were bear- baiting, bull-baiting, and bowling. In 1G44 the Long Parliament ordered all copies of the Book of Sports to be called in and publicly burned. SPOT, or Lafayette. A small food-fish (Lei- ostdinus xantliunis) of the South Atlantic and Gulf Coast, locally called 'Lafayette' (q.v.), 'goody.' and 'oldwife.' The color is bluish above and silvery below, with about fifteen dark, wavy bands slanting down the sides, and a black spot behind the eye. It appears numerously on the northern coast in September, when it is prepar- ing to spawn in the inlets. SPOTS'WOOD. or SPOT'TISWOOD, Alex- ander (1676-1740). A British soldier and American colonial governor. He was born at Tangier, Africa; entered the British Army; served with Marlborough and was wounded at Blenheim. He was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia in 1710, became active in promoting the interests of William and Mary College, and was also interested in the im])r(iveiiieiit of the condition of the Indians. It is to his ell'orts that the improvement in the production of tobacco is attributable, and he favored the act for making tobacco-notes a circulating medium. He intro- duced the manufacture of iron into 'iiginia. Owing to a lack of support, disputes, and other difficulties, he was superseded in 1722, but he re- mained in America, and in 17.30 was appointed Deputy Postmaster-General. SPOTTED FEVER. See XIexi.xoitis. SPOT'TISWOODE, SPOT'TISWOOD, SPOT'ISWOOD, or SPOTS'WOOD, .Tqun ( 1565- 1039) . Archbishop of Saint Andrews. He was educated at the University of Glasgow, and on his father's death in 1583 succeeded him as parson of Calder. He was for many years an uncompromising Presbyterian, but he afterwards adopted English episcopal ideas. He became the cliief instrument of James I. and Cliarlcs I. in their attempts to reconstruct the Scottish Church after the English model. He was made Arch- bishop of Glasgow 'in 1603 and member of the Scottish privy council in 1005. In 1610 he was moderator of the Assembly which gave its con- sent to the introduction of episcopacy into Scot- land. In 1615 Spottiswoode was translated to the see of Saint Andrews, which held the primacy in Scotland. In 1618 he persuaded the General Assembly to accept the Five Articles of Perth, ordaining certain ceremonial innovations, and he subsequently inforced the articles as far as he could. He took part in the revision of the Scottish Prayer-Book, but was opposed to the in- troduction of the Laudian system into Scotland. In 1633 he crowned Charles I. at Holyrood, and in 1635 he was made Chancellor of Scotland, a dig- nity which no churchman had held since the Ref- ormation. Finding that the King was determined to introduce the Prayer-Book, he, as usual, stifled his own scruples and acted energetically, accord- ing to the King's wishes, but in the resulting dis- orders he found it necessary to (Ice from Scot- land. He was excommunicated and deposed by the General Assembly, December 4, 1638. and Charles asked him to resign the Chancellnrship. Spottiswoode was the author of the [listori/ of the Church and State of Scotland from the Year of Our Lord 203 to the End of the Reign of King James the VI., 1G25, an official compilation writ- ten at the request of King James, first printed in London in 1655. SPOTTISWOODE, William (1825-83). An English mathematician and physicist, born in