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* SPENCER. 436 SPENCER. losophy of Hcrhert Spencer (New York, 1894) ; Collier, An Epitome of the Synthetic Philosophy (ib., 1889) ; Guthrie, On Spencers Uni/ication of Knowledge (London, 1882); Painter, Berhert Spencers Evolut ionstheorie (Jena, 1896) ; Gaiipp, Herbert Spencer (Stuttgart, 1897). SPENCER, Jesse Ames (1816-98). A Protestant Episcopal scholar. He was born at Hyde Park, N. Y. ; graduated at Columbia Col- lege (1837), and the General Theological Semi- nary; was ordained 1840, and became rector of Saint James's Church, Goshen, N. Y. ; professor of Latin and Oriental languages at Burlington College, N. J., 1849-50; editor and secretary of the Episcopal Sunday School Union and Church Book Society (1851-57) ; rector of Saint Paul's, Flatbush, L.' I. ( 186.3-65) ; and professor of Greek in the College of the City of New York ( 1869-81 ). He edited the American reprint of T. K. Arnold's series of Greek and Latin teyt-books (1846-56) and other classics, including the Greek New Testament ( 1847 ). His independent works in- clude a Histori/ of the English Reformation (1846), Egypt and the Holy Land (1850), His- tori/ of the United States (1856-69). Eschatology (1887), Uemorabilia, 1S20-86 (1890). SPENCER, John Canfield (1788-1855). An American jurist and politician, born at Hudson, N. Y. He graduated at Lmion College in 1806, studied law, and was admitted to the bar at Canandaigiia in 1809. In 1813 he was brigade judge-advocate-general in the army on the north- ern frontier. From 1817 to 1819 lie was a Demo- cratic member of the United States House of Representatives and wrote the report condemning the United States Bank, which was afterwards used by President .Jackson at a time when the author's views had changed. In 1820-21 he was a member of the I^ower Hoxise of the State Legis- lature, serving as Speaker the first vear. He was in the State Sanate from 1824 to'l828, and in 1827 was appointed by Governor Clinton one of the committee to revise the statutes of New York. This work was finished in 1830; a second edition was published in 1835-36, and a third in 1846-48. For a time he was affiliated with the Anti-Masonic Party, and he was appointed by Governor Van Buren to prosecute the alleged ab- ductors of William Morgan (q.v. ), but resigned in 1830. He again sat in the Legislature in 1832, and in 1834-40 was Seeretarj' of State for New York and Superintendent of Schools. On October 12, 1841, he became Secretary of War in the Cabi- net of President Tyler. He was transferred to the Treasury Department, March 3, 1843, but op- posed measures looking to the annexation of ■Texas and resigned May 2, 1844. He then re- sumed the practice of law at Albany, and was influential in establishing the State Asjdum for Idiots. He edited a translation of De Tocque- ville's Democracy in America (2 vols., 1838). Consult Proctor, Review of John C. Spencer's Legal and Political Career (New York, 1886). SPENCER, John Charles, Earl (1782-1845). An English statesman, best known as Lord Al- thorp. He was the son of the second Earl Spen- cer, and was born in London. After being edu- cated at Harrow and Cambridge, he entered Par- liament in 1804 and became a jvmior lord of the treasury in 1806. From that year till 1834 he continuously represented Northamptonshire in the Whig interest. In 1830 he became Chancellor of the Exchequer and leader in the House of Commons under the Grey Ministry, and was active in carrying the Reform Bill of 1832. He held office under the Mel- bourne ^linistry which succeeded the Grey Ministry in July, 1834, but in November of the same year the death of his father gave liim a seat in the House of Lords. He died October 1, 1845. He was a man without ambition or especial ability, fond only of agriculture and country sports: but honesty and industrj' raised him to positions of responsibility, all of which he filled with great credit. Consult Myers, Lord Althorp (London, 1890). SPENCER, John Potntz, fifth Earl Spencer (1835 — ,). An English statesman. The only son of the fourth Earl, he was born at Spencer House, was educated at Harrow and at Cam- bridge, and in 1857, the year of his graduation, was elected member of Parliament, and by his father's death succeeded to the peerage. He was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 1869-74, and again in 1882-85 ; and lord president of the council, with a seat in Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet, 1880-83 and 1886. He was First Lord of the Admiralty 1892-95. SPENCER, Joseph (1714-89). An American soldier, born in East Haddam, Conn. He was a probate judge in 1753, and rose to the rank of colonel in the French and Indian War. He was one of the eight brigadier-generals appointed by Congress on June 22, 1775, served at Boston and New York, became a major-general in August, 1776, and commanded in Rhode Island in 1777. He resigned in January, 1778, and was a mem- ber of Congress in 1779. SPENCER, Joseph William Winthkop (1851 — ). An American geologist, born at Dun- das, in Ontario, Canada. He graduated at McCiill University in 1874. and received the degree of Ph.D. from the University of Gtittingen three years later. He was professor of geology in King's College, Nova Scotia, in 1880-82, and in Missouri State University, 1882-87 ; and was State geologist of Georgia, 1888-93. He is espe- cially distinguished for researches in lacustrine geology. Among his published works are; l^iag- ara Fossils (1884) ; Olacial Erosion in Norway (1887); Geological Survey of Southwestern Georgia (1891) ; Geologicul Survey of the Paleo- zoic Belt of Georgia (1893); and Duration of Niagara Falls and History of the Great Lakes (1895). SPENCER,. Platt Rogeks (1800-64). The originator of the Spencerian system of penman- ship. He was born at East Fishkill, New York, and at the age of ten years removed to Ashtabula County, Ohio. He gave many lectures upon pen- manship in various parts of the country, and his work was influential in causing the establishment of business colleges. Spencer published Spencer and Rice's System- of Business and- Ladies' Pen- manship (1848), later republished as Spencerian or Semi-Angular Penmanship. SPENCER, Robert, second Earl of Sunder- land. An English statesman. See Sunderland, Robert Spencer, second Earl of. SPENCER, Sara Andrews (1837 — ). An American author and woman-suffragist, presi- dent and proprietor of the Spencerian Business College, Washington, D. C. She was born in