Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/501

* SPECULATION. 429 SPEKE. which were designed to prevent certain forms of speculation in grain, but did not become law. Consxilt: Emery, (Speculation vit the Utock and Produce Exchanges of the United (States (New- York, 1896) ; lladley, Economics, chapter "Spec- ulation" (ib., 1898). See also general treatises on political economy (q.v. for references). SPEIVDING, James (1808-81). An editor of Bacon's works. He was born in Cumberland, England. From the grammar school at Bury Saint Kdniunds he passed to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1831. Leaving Cambridge in 1835, he entered llie Co- lonial Otlice. This position he gave up in 18-11 that he might devote himself to the study of Bacon. For 30 j'ears he continued his researches with slight interruptions. He died from an acci- dent in i^ondon. Spedding's most delightful book is Evenings uith a Rcvieiccr (written in 1845, and jjrivately printed; published 1881), in which with quiet humor Macaulay's essay on Bacon is torn into shreds. His niaynum opus is an edi- tion of Bacon's entire works with an exhaustive life (14 vols., 1857-74), in the preparation of which he was in some degi'ee aided by Leslie Ellis and D. D. Heath. The biographical and historical parts of this work, much cut, were published under the title. Account of the Life and Times of Bacon (2 vols., 1878). Spedding also contributed articles to J. Gairdner's Studies in Englisli Uistori/ (1881) and wrote several other admirable historical papers. Consult the memoir of G. S. Venables prefixed to Evenings liith a Reviewer (London, 1881) ; Edward Fitz- gerald's Letters (ib., 1889) ; and Hallam Lord Tennyson's Memoir of his father (London and New York, 1897). SPEECH {AS. spwc, spec, sprcec, spree, OHG. sprahha, Ger. Sprache, speech, from AS. specan, sprecan, OHG, sprehhan, Ger. sprechen, to speak; possibly connected with Skt. sphtlrj, to murmur). The act of producing vocal sound for the com- munication of ideas. Speech differs from voice in that the latter is rather the physiological potentiality and mechanical process, and from vocal language, which is tlie result produced by speech. Speech is, so far as known, like vocal language, peculiar to man, although attempts have been made to assign it also to monkeys and apes, while gesture language (q.v.) is shared by man with other animals. In a looser sense speech is synonjTiious with language. See Lan- GUAGE; Voice. SPEECH, Defects of. See Aphasia; Deaf Mute. SPEED, James (1812-87). An American politician, born near Louisville, in Jefferson County, K}'. He graduated at Saint Joseph's College (Bardstown), was in the office of the clerk of the Circuit and County Courts, and after further legal study at Transylvania University began practice at Louisville in 1833. In 1847 he was elected to the State Legislature, where he served one term. He was the most effective opponent of the disunion cause in Kentucky, was elected to the State Senate in 1861, and in 1861- 64 was in charge of the Kentucky recruiting stations. In 1864 he was appointed Attorney- General of the LTnited States by President Lin- coln, but he resigned from the post in 1866 because of his opposition to the reconstruction policy of President Johnson. In 1856-58 and 1875-79 he held a chair in the law department of the University of Louisville. His rei)utation as a jurist was considerable. SPEED, John (c.1552-1629) . An historical antiquary, the son of a London tailor. Through the generosity of Lord Brooke, he was able to give up manual labor and devote himself to study. Between 1000 and 1610 he published 54 maps of England and Wales, which were col- lected and described under the title of Theatre of the Empire of Great liritaine (Kill). He next published the great w'ork on which he had been engaged for many years: T)ic History of Great liritaine, from the invasion of Julius Caesar to King James I. (1011). This is regard- ed as the best history up to that time written by an Englishman. He also published Genealogies Recorded in Sacred Scripture (about 1011), of which 33 editions appeared in the course of 30 years, some of them being attached to issues of the Bible, and A Cloud of Witnesses Confirming the Holie Word (1616). SPEEDWELL {Veronica). A genus of about 200 annual and perennial herbs and shrubs of the natural order Scrophulariaccic, natives of temperate and cold climates. Some species grow in ditches and marslies, some onlj' on the driest soils. They have generally very beautiful blue, white, or pink flowers, for which several species are cultivated- The bitter and astringent leaves of the common speedwell {Veronica officinalis), widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, are in some countries used medicinally and as a substitute for tea, as are those of the germander speedwell. Veronica Virginica is called Culver's physic in North America. Brooklime (q.v.) be- longs to this genus. SPEISS (Ger. Speise, amalgam, food, OHG. spisa, food, from Olt., ML. spesa, expense, cost, from Olt. spendere, from Lat. expendere, to ex- pend, from ex, out + pcnderc, to weigh ). A mixture of the antimonides, arsenides, and svil- phides of copper, iron, and nickel, that collecta at the bottom of a crucible when ores of arsenic, antimony, cobalt, or lead, containing sulphur, are smelted with fluxes. The speiss containing nickel, which is obtained largely in the preparation of smalt, is an important source of that metal. SPEKE, spek, John Hannino (1827-64). An English African explorer. He was born at Jor- dans, Somersetshire, entered the Indian army in 1844, served in the Punjab campaigns, and distin- guished himself as a soldier, naturalist, and sportsman. ATiile in the Indian service he made several trips into the Himalayas and even en- tered Tibet, bringing back valuable collections. He began his brilliant though brief career as an African explorer in 18.54, when he accompanied Captain Burton into Somaliland. He was also Burton's companion on the expedition of 1857-59 from Zanzibar into the interior of Africa. In 1858 they discovered Lake Tanganyika, and in the same year, while Burton was ill at Kaze, Spcke reached the Victoria Nyanza. Ho believed that he had found one of the sources of the Nile, but Burton discredited the information he brought back and Speke could not verify his dis- covery until 1862, when he returned to" the lake with Capt. J. A. Grant, and, proceeding north- ward, came to the Nile, which he found to be the