Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/48

* SHADBUSH. 34 ing forms are seldom cultivated, although dwarfs are eommon. It is also cultivated for its early appearing liowers. It is easily propagated from cuttings or layers in the fall, or by seeds or grafts iu the spring. Tlie name shadbush is said to be applied because the blossoms appear about the time shad ascend the rivers of the Eastern United States. See Service-Bekry, and for illustration, Plate of Spib.ea, etc. SHADDOCK (Citrus decmnana). A tree of the natural order Rutacea;, native of the Malayan and Polynesian islands, and extensively culti- vated. It is said to derive its English name from a Captain Shaddock, by wliom it was introduced into the West Indies. It has large pale yellow fruit with thick rind, spongy, bitterish, grccnish- white, subacid pulp. The tree is tenderer than the orange. Florida, California, and the West Indies supply the American markets. See Grape- fruit and Colored Plate of Citrus Fbuits. SHADOW (AS. sceadu, sceado, Goth, skadus, OHG. scato, Ger. Schatten, shadow; connected with Olr. scath, shadow, probably with Gk. okSto;, skotos; darkness). See Light. SHADOW PLAY. A dramatic representa- tion by means of shadows cast by puppets upon a screen. It is, therefore, a modification of a puppet show (see Puppet), though the same thing in principle has sometimes been accom- "plished by shadows of living persons moving be- hind a screen or by the shadows of their hands upon the wall. "The usual essentials for a shadow play consist of an opening like that of a doorway to serve as a scene, covered with a thin white screen upon which a light from behind casts the images of the puppets. These are worked by concealed persons, who also supply the dialogue. The earliest evidences of this kind of entertainment are in China; it is knowm also in Japan, in .Java, and especially in Moham- medan countries, Earakus (Black-eye) being among the Turks a well-known conventional character in this miniature drama. Southern Germany was one of the early homes of this as of other puppet shows. Introduced into France in the eighteenth century, sliadow plays be- came a recognized amusement of the royal children at Versailles, and later a little theatre was established in the galleries of the Palais Royal in Paris in which, with its successors, down to the end of the Second Empire, pieces continued to be given in this way. In more recent years the shadow play has been re- vived on an elaborate scale in some of the caba- rets of the Montmartre quarter in Paris. At the Chat Noir, particularly, under the direction of Henri Rivi&re, several veiy complicated dramas have been presented, among them being L'Epopi^e of Caran d'Ache and La mnrche a I'^toile of George Fragerolle. Consult: Pisko, Licht und Farbe (Munich, 1876) ; Chanipfleury. Le musfe secret de la caricature (Paris. 1888) ; Jacob, Schattenspiel-Bibliographie (Erlangen, 1901). SHADRINSK, sha'drfnsk. A district town in the Government of Perm. East Russia, situ- ated on the River Isset, 383 miles southeast of Perm (Jfap: Russia, K 3). It has a number of distilleries and exports grain, animals and ani- mal products, and cloth. Population, in 1897, 11,686. SHAFT. SHADWAITER. The round or Menominee whitetish. See Whitefish. SHAD'WELL, Thomas (c.1640-92). An Eng- lish dramatist and poet laureate, now little re- membered except as the MacFlccknoe of Dryden's satire. He was born in Norfolk aud was for a time a student at Cambridge. Entered at tlie ^liddle Temple in London, he found the law little to his taste and left it for a period of foreign travel and the pursuit of literature. In 1C68 he brought out his first comedy. The iiSulleii Lovers. This was a success, and was followed by a series of similar ones, many of them written either in avowed imitation of Ben Jonsnn or in more or less free adaptation from the French. Perhaps his best-known piece is The Squire of Alsatia, which was produced in 1688. His col- lected plays were brought out in four volumes by his eldest son in 1720. With Dryden he was at first on friendly terms, but an unfortunate satiric effort of Shadwell's l)rought down upon him the scathing ridicule of MacFlecknoe, where his name is forever fixed in the judgment of old Flecknoe : "Shadwell alone, of all my sons, is he Who stands conflrnietl in full stupidity. The rest to some faint meaninp: make pretense, But Shadwell never deviates into sense." He is the Og. too, of Absalom and Achitophel. Nevertheless, when Dryden had to resign the laurcateship in 1688 Shadwell was his successor, and liis comic wit, though coarse, was often vig- orous and efl'ective. He died on November 19, 1692; according to report, from an overdose of opium. Consult the biography prefixed to the edition of Shadwell's Woi-ks (already referred to) ; also. Ward, History of English Dramatic Literature (London, 1875) ; Austin and Ralph, The Lives of the Poets Laureate (ib., 1853). SHAFIITES. See JfoHAMMEDAN Sects. SHAFT (AS. sceaft. OHG. scaft, Ger. Schaft, shaft; probably from AS. sccafan, Goth, skaban, OHG. scaban, Ger. schabcn. Eng. share, and con- nected with Lat. scapus, stem, stalk, shaft, Gk. <7KiJTrrpov, skrptron, staff). In architectural con- struction, the body of a column (q.v.) ex- tending between the base and capital, though the term is often popularly used to include them. In Greek architecture the shafts were built up of several drums, but the Romans favored mono- lithic shafts, as did also the early Christian and Byzantine architects. Medieval builders returned to built-up shafts, except in the case of small columns. The use of such small shafts appears to have originated with Byzantine architecture of the time of Justinian, the addossed shafts being somewhat later. They formed one of the most decorative features of mediawal architec- ture. In Gotliie architecture the term is applied to the small columns clustered around piers or in the jambs of doors and windows. In the early styles the shafts are frequently of finer material than the pier, polished and handed. In later examples the shaft is generally attached, and of the same piece as the pier. . SHAFT. An opening of varyinc cross-sections carried down into the earth, usually for the pur- pose of hoisting ore or other mineral products to the surface. In addition the shaft may also serve the purpose of ventilation, pumping, or ladder way. Where the rock is soft and treach- erous it is necessary to support the walls of the