Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/47

* SFORZA. 33 SHADBUSH. power threatened and joined the league against the French. In 1499 he was driven from his duchy by the troops of Louis XII. The follow- ing year he made an ineffectual attempt to re- cover his possessions, was made i)risoner, and carried to France, where he died in the Castle of Loches in 1508. Lodovico was a patron of the arts and sciences. He gave his niece Bianca in marriage to the Emperor Maximilian I. Lodovico's eldest son, Massimiliaxo Sfokza, regained the Duchy of Milan in 1512, but after the battle of Melegnano (1515), in which his Swiss auxiliaries were overwhelmed by Fran- cis I., he abaniloned his rights to the French for a pension of 30.000 ducats. His brother, Fran- cesco Maria Sforza (1492-1535), was put in possession of Milan after the defeat of the French at La Bicocca in 1522. His death marked the extinction of the main line of the House of Sforza, and the duchy was taken into the pos- session of Charles V. Consult: Magenta, Gli Visconti c gli Sforza (Milan, 1883) ; Litta, Famiglie celebri d'lialia, vol. i. (Milan, 1819). SFORZATO, sfor-tsii'to, or Sforzando (It., forced), hi uuisic, a term often abbreviated sf, used to indicate that the note or chord over or under which it is placed is to be played with strength and emphasis. SGAMBATI, zgam-bii'te, Giovanni (1843—). An Italian pianist and composer, born in Rome. He studied under Barbieri, Natalucci, and Al- dega ; sulisequently the attention of Liszt was drawn to liim and he undertook to superintend the perfecting of his musical education. His first composition, a pianoforte quartet, was heard in 1860. His fame by this time had spread to Germany as well as throughout Italy, and in 1877 he was appointed principal professor of the pianoforte at the Academy of Santa Ce- cilia, Rome. In 1890 he founded the Nuova So- eieta Musicale Eomana. He was devoted to Wagner and his works, and was rewarded by the unqualified admiration of the latter. His com- positions ai'e strongly German in character and include a Requiem Muss (1890), three sym- phonies, overtures, piano concertos, chamber music, salon music, and several pieces for the organ. SGANARELLE, zga'na'rel'. A character fre- quently appearing in Jlolifere's comedies. In the Cock imagliKiire he is the title character, in- volved in the misconceptions of the comedy through finding Lelie's portrait in his wife's pos- session. In the Eeole des maris he is the surly dupe of the play, cajoled by his ward. Isabelle. He is the aged hero of the Mariage force (q.v. ) ; the father of Lucinde in L' Amour mcdecin; the valet of Don Juan in Le festin de Pierre; and the liero of Le mediein malgre ltd. SGRAFFITO, zgra-fe'tS (It., decoration by scratches). A form of decoration which has existed in Central Italy at least since the fif- teenth century. The plastering on a wall is col- ored black or dark brown, and then a thin coat of lighter colored plaster is spread over this, and while the new coat is still damp it is scored deeply in scroll patterns and arabesques, which show dark on the light ground. The term is extended to denote imitations in painting of this process : and in Italy many house fronts have been decorated in this way since the middle of the nineteenth century. Scratched decoration of rough and soft pottery is also included under this head. It was common in the prehistoric ages in all the Mediterranean lands, as many pieces so adorned have been found in Syria, Cyprus, and elsewhere ; also in Peru and Central Aiucrlca at an umlctcrmined epoch. • 'SGRAVENHAGE, sgrii'ven-hii'oc. The Dutch name for The Hague (q.v.). 'SGRAVESANDE, sgril've-siin'de. See Grave- SANDE. SHABATZ or SABAC, sha'bats. A town of the District of Podrinye. Servia, on the Save, 38 miles west of Belgrade (Jlap: Balkan Peninsula, B 2). The town has an old castle dating from the fifteenth century, a college, and a library. Its exports are honey, cereals, prunes, and live stock. Population, in 1900, 12,072. SHAD (AS. sccadda, dialectic Ger. Schade, shad; connected with Ir., CJael. sgadan, Welsh ysgadeuyn, herring). An important anadromous fish of the herring famil.y (Clupeidoe, q.v.) and genus Alosa. Sliad grow to a larger size than herring and differ from them in the absence of teeth in the jaws and in the form of the cheek, this being deeper than long in the shad. Shad live in the sea, but ascend rivers in the spring to spawn. They have their spawning beds, but the eggs may be extruded anywhere promiscuously in the water. One female averages about 30,000 eggs, though as many as 150,000 have been ob- tained. The eggs sink to the bottom, wdiere they hatch in from three to five days, varying with the temperature. During their stay in the rivers shad take very little if any food. In the sea they swim with their mouths open, straining the minute organisms from the water which passes through ■ their gills. In early days these fish were extremely abundant, but their popularity as a food-fish, together with the disturbance of their natural spawning grounds and the pollu- tion of the rivers by factory refuse, have made great reductions in their number. Because they are so prolific, however, and because of the arti- ficial incubation of the eggs by Government hatch- eries, the supply has been fairly maintained. The catch along the Atlantic coast of the United States in 1896 amounted to 50,000.000 pounds, with a value to the fishermen of .$1,600,000. (See FiSHERiE.S; Fish Culture.) The common shad of our Atlantic coast is Alosa sapidissima. It attains a weight of three pounds on the average, but sometimes weighs from 12 to 14 pounds. Since about 1885 shad haVe been planted in streams of California, where they have become abundant and now extend norllnvard to southern Alaska. The common shad of Europe is Alosa vulgaris, and an important species in Chinese waters is Alosa Reeiesii. See Allice. Consult Cioode, Fishery Industries (sec. i., Washington. 1SS4), and the publications of the United States Commission of Fisli and Fisheries. See Plate of Herring and Siiad; and of Food Fishes, accompanying article Fish as Food. SHADBUSH, Juneberry, or Service-Berrt . (Aniehinchier Camidfnsis). A shrub or small tree of the natural order Rosacea", common to Canada and the Northern TTnited States, which bears a sweet red or purfde fruit, varying in size from that of a currant to a morello cheriy and ripening from June to August. The larger grow-