Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/465

* SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 4(11 SPANISH FOWL. of 225 guns, while the SiJanish lleet had only 146; the weights of metal the two lleets could throw per minute were 0720 ami 4827 pounds respectively. On the same day as that on which the naval battle occurred General Shatter noti- fied the Spanish commander, Toral, that unless he surrendered by the morning of the 4th, the city would be shelled. After several communica- tions had passed between these ollieers, and the request of foreign consuls for an extension of time had been complied 'ivitli, a final demand brought the truce to an end on the 10th and the joint attack by ships and troops was resumed. On the 11th another demand upon the besieged was made, culminating on July 15th in articles of capitulation providing for the surrender of all forces, material, and territory of the district of Santiago, and the transportation of all Spanish soldiers to Spain. The Spanish forces in the cap- tured territory numbered 23.500 and of these 10,000 defended the city. Their losses aggre- gated nearly 1000. while the Americans killed and wounded numbered 1614, of whom 114 were officers. On Sunday (July 17th) at noon the Stars and Stripes were hoisted in the plaza of Santiago. On July 27th General Miles, U. S. A., at the head of an expedition landed at Ponce, Porto Rico, and a few- days later formally took possession of the island. On the 2oth General ilerritt ar- rived at JIanila to assume conunand of 20.000 United States troops, of which the advance guard had already been sharply en- gaged with the Spanish forces stationed there. On August 7th Admiral Dewey and General Jler- ritt united in a demand for the surrender of the city and the islands. This being refused, a com- bined attack wis made, and 7000 regular and 4000 volunteer Spanish soldiers fell into the liands of the Americans, who lost 50 men killed and wounded. Meanwhile, the Filipinos had been organized by Aguinaldo, who subsequently con- ducted hostilities against the American troops for the purpose of gaining independence. See Philippine Islands. On July 26th Spain made overtures for peace through the French Ambassador at Washington, M. Cambon, who was authorized to act as Min- ister Plenipotentiary for Spain during the com- ing negotiations. On August 12th tlie peace pro- tocol and preliminary arrangements were con- cluded. It was provided that the final treaty should be made by a commission to meet at Paris not later than October 1st. The representatives of the United States were William R. Day (chair- man), Senator Cushman K. Davis, Senator William P. Frye, Whitelaw Reid, and Senator George Gray. After prolonged discussions and threatened failure, the treaty was signed on De- cember 10th. It was ratified by the United States Senate on February 6, 1890, signed by the Queen Regent of Spain on Slareli 17th, and final ratifications were exchanged on April 11th. Diplo- matic relations were soon resumed. By the treaty, Porto Rico and the other Spanish West Indian Islands, (Juani in the Ladroncs. and all of the Phili|i]dnes were ceded to the I'nited States, which in return agreed to pay $20,000,000 and to yield some temporary commercial privileges in the Philippines. The political status of the in- habitants of the new possessions w-as to be determined by the new Government. The finances for the war were jirovided by spe- cial taxes. On June 13, 180'J, an act was ap- proved for that purpose. Internal taxes were in- creased and a stamp tax imposed on certain pajiers and articles. A popular loan was also negotiated. Tliis war tax continued in force un- til March 2, 11101, when a reduction was made, and on April 14, 1002, the remainder wa.s re- pealed. The total expenses for the war from the opening to October 31, 1808, were estimated at $165,000,000. During that period the lives of 2910 American soldiers were lost, all but 306 from disease. The enormous death rate in the camps brought out serious charges of maladmin- istration against the War Department that cul- minated in the appointment of a committee of investigation, which after a thorough examina- tion of charges reported in general in favor of the department, laying most of the blame upon the want of preparation at the time war broke out. For further details concerning the results of the war, see United States: Cuba; Porto Rico; Philippine Islands. Consult: Lodge, The War xmth Spain (Xew York, 1899) ; Bigelow, Reminiscences of the San- tiago Campaign (ib., 1899) ; Alger, The Spanish- American ^yar (ib., 1901); Sigsbee, The Maine (ib., 1899) ; Hobson, Sinking of the llenimac (ib., 1899) ; Kennan, Campaigning in Ciiha ( ib., 1899) ; Miley. In Cuba u-ith Shaffer (ib., 1899) ; Spears, Onr Savy in the ll'or n-ith Spain (ib., 1898) ; .Joseph Wheeler, Santiaqo Campaign, ISOS (Philadelphia, 1899) ; Atkins, The War in Cuba; the Experiences of an Englishman uith the United States Army '(London, 1899) ; Bon- sal. The Fight for Santiago (New York, 1899) ; jMorris, The War with Spain (Philadelphia, 1890) ; Roosevelt, The Rough Riders (Xew York, 1890) ; and Titherington, History of the Spanish- American War of 1S9S (Xew York, 1900). SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, Xaval and jNIiLiTARY Order of the. A patriotic and heredi- tarv societv organized in Xew York City on Februar,v 2, 1899. It admits to membership any man of good repute who served on the active list, or performed active duty as a commissioned officer, regular or volunteer, in the United States Army, Xa^-j-, or Marine Corps, during the W'ar with Spain, or in the subsequent insurrection in the Philippines, or who participated in the war or insurrection, prior to April 1, 1901, as a naval or militarv cadet, or as an officer in the Revenue Cutter Service on anv vessel assigned to dut,y imder the control of the Xavy Department, SPANISH BARBER, The. A comedy by George Colman. the elder, produced in 1777, based on Beaumarchais's famous comedy Le bar- bier de Scrille. SPANISH BAYONET. See YrccA. SPANISH FLY. See Blister-Beetle. SPANISH FOWL. Tlie black Spani.sh fowls constitute one of the oldest varieties of domestic pnultrv, and are renowned for their exceptionally fine laving qualities. The white face is a dis- tinguishing feature, and should be long, smooth, free from wrinkles, rising well over the eves in an arched form, extending toward the back of the head and to the base of the beak, covering the cheeks and joining the wattles and ear-lobes. The color of the plumage is rich, glossy black, and any gray is considered a serious defect. Shanks