Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/460

* SPANGENBERG. 396 SPANISH-AMERICAN LITERATURE. he exercised his jurisdiction principally in Amer- ica. In 1760 he was called to the supreme coun- cil of the sect; four years later was appointed supreme inspector in Upper Alsatia, and in 1789 was made president of the general directory. He died at Berthelsdorf, Saxony. His principal work is Idea Fidei Fratrum, oder kurzer Begriff der christlichen Lehrc in den evungelischen Briidergenieinden (1782), translated into Eng- lish by Benjamin La Trobe. Consult Ledderhose, Leben Spaiigenbcrgs (Heidelberg, 1840; Eng. trans., London, 1S55). SPANIEL (abbreviation of OF. chien es- pagnol, Fr. chicn epagiieiil, Spanish dog, from Sp. Espaiiol, Spanish, from Espana, Spain). A short-legged, long-haired variety of the domestic dog. Two groups may be made : ( 1 ) Hunting spaniels, (2) fancy or toy spaniels. The first contains the field spaniel, clumber, cocker, Norfolk, Sussex, and the English and Irish water dogs; the second has the King Charles, Prince Charles, Ruby, Blenheim, and the Jap- anese spaniels. All the spaniels are exceedingly close hunters on a ground scent, and although for rapidity of action and range they have been largely supplanted by the pointer and setter, they are unsurpassable in a rough, tangled coun- try. They neither 'point' nor 'set,' but (except the clumber) give tongue when their nose has discovered the game. The dilliculty Avith them is to keep their eagerness in control. They will not only find game, but will retrieve it, especially from water. The chief characteristics of all varieties are length of body and shortness of legs, which in modern dogs has been greatly ex- aggerated, a great abundance of beautiful silky coat, and a placid disposition. Field Spaniel and Cocker. Although of dif- ferent origin, these may well be considered to- gether. Botli in form are long and low, with shapely, gracefully carried heads, and straight strong front legs. The coat is straight, dense, and silky, lieavily fringing the ears, the back of the legs, and the toes. The color most preferred is solid black. The cocker usually weighs from 18 to 24 pounds, while the field spaniel is twice as heavy. The Clumber. This is a large dog weighing up to 65 pounds, with a predominance of white in its color. It takes its name from the seat of the Duke of Newcastle, who introduced the breed into England from the kennels of the Due de Noailles of France, early in the eighteenth centurj'. Unlike other spaniels, these hunt in silence. They are handsome, grave-looking dogs. Their heads are massive, and marked with a furrow between the eyes. The nostrils are large, open, and flesh-colored; the eyes large and deeply set, and show a 'haw.' The coat is not very long, except the profuse 'featherings,' properly lemon and white with few markings. The tail is usu- ally docked. The Sussex spaniel is a variety of clumber which must be a rich golden liver color. It is faster in the field, and, although not mute, is less noisy than any other kind. The Norfolk is another variety of this type which arose in the English county of that name as a pheasant dog. In the days of hawking this spaniel was the fal- coner's special assistant. See Plate of Dogs. Irish Water Spaniel. This dog is of very ancient lineage and great value as a retriever. Its general appearance is that of a large spaniel, with a top-knot of liair falling down over the eyes. The tail tapers like that of a pointer; the face is long and the hair on it is quite free from curling, although that on the body is closely curled, and the small, dark amlier eyes arc set flush and have no eyebrows. The color is a rich dark liver, and the weight from 60 to 60 pounds. Toy Spaniels. The best known of the small pet or 'fancy' spaniels is the King Charles — a black and tan breed, which was maintained pure- blooded for many generations with jealous care by the dukes of Norfolk. In early times they were broken to hunt. Now they are only pets. They are in the main simply miniature spaniels, weighing from 7 to 10 pounds, with eyes large, wide apart, and level, and ears long, drooping, and silky. The Blenheim resembles the King Charles, but its ears are shorter and it dift'ers in color, being a pure pearly white, with bright chestnut or ruby red markings, evenly distrib- uted in large patches. Both the ears and cheeks are red, with a blaze of white between them, in the centre of which is one small red spot. The breed derives its name from the estate of the first Duke of Marlborough, by whose family it was bred. They were in those days trained for the hunt as well as highly prized in the house. The Prince Charles, Charles I. spaniel, or tricolor, resembles the Blenheim, except that where the Blenheim is red he is black, and he has no 'blaze.' The 'ruby' is a King Charles spaniel, with a black nose, and is wholly red. The .Japanese spaniel is pure white, -parti-colored with black or red or lemon, and of very small size. It may weigh 8 to 12 pounds, or only one pound, as do some of the 'sleeve-dogs,' so called in -Japan becau.se they may be carried in the coat sleeve. The Japanese spaniels have a very compact body, large, highly arched head, and their dark eyes are set high and wide apart. The nose is short and pug-like; the legs are slender; and the tail is well feathered and carried in a tight curl over the back. They are very alert and aflfectionate. A similar dog is highly esteemed in China, especially when solid fawn or silver in color. Consult authorities cited under Dog; also Spicer. Toi/ Dogs ( London and New York, 1 30.3 ). SPANISH-AMERICAN LITERATURE. The Colonial Period. Spanish-American liter- ature owes almost nothing to the few fragments of Nahua and Inca litei'ature that survived the de- struction of hieroglyphs by the Spanish con- querors. The early literature centres largely around the City of Mexico. (See Mexican Liter.itube. ) As subsidiary literary centres, Bogota, Quito, Lima, and Guatemala became noted during the later colonial era. The subject matter of intellectual colonial ef- fort consists largely of the preparation of gram- mars and dictionaries of native languages (Me- n^ndez y Pelayo in Ln ciencin espanola gives a list of fifty-nine of the principal ones), and of catechisms .and sermons in both Spanish and the native vernacular. This work was largely utilita- rian in object, and. save for the occasional trans- lation of some fragment of native hieroglyphs, is merely of philological interest. Another branch of literary activity was the writing of the history of the conquest and early settlement of America, or the compiling of materials for that purpose. During the later colonial period works