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* SPACE. 382 SPAIN. imd Mathematik in der neuen Philosophie (Ber- lin, 18G8-G9) ; Deichmann, Das Problem des Jx'dumes in der griechischen Philosophie his Afis- t^teles (Leipzig, 1893); Hodgson, ' T/oic and tfjiace (London. 186.5) ; Lechalas, Etude sur Vespaee et le temps (Paris, 1896) ; Saleta, Ex- pose somniaire dc I'idee d'espace (ib., 1872) ; also consult the metaphysical works of Kant, Hegel, Lotze. Bradley, Bowne, Hobliouse. SPACH, spiio. LuDwiG Adolf (1800-79). An Alsatian liistorian, born and educated at Strass- burg. In early life he was a tutor and traveled ex- tensively. He was Librarian of the Department of Bas-Rhin. Alsace, and head of the prefect's cabinet (1840), and in 1872 became honorary professor at Strassburg. His writings include Modcrne Kulturmistiinde im Elsass (1873-74); Dramatische Bilder aus Strassburgs Vergangen- heit (1876) ; Zur Geschichte der modernen fran- ziisischen Litteratur, Essays (1877). Spach, under the pseudonym Louis Lavater, also wrote the novels Henri Farel (1834), Le nouveau can- dide (183.")). and Roger de ilanesse (1849). SPADEFOOT. A 'toad' of the family Peloba- tid;¥. prominently characterized by the inner bone of the ankle (tarsus) being covered with a hard, sharp-edged horny sheath, which forms an effective tool for digging. Three species belong to Western Europe and the Jlediterranean re- gion, of which the best known is Pelobates fusctis, FOOT OF -V SIMDEFOOT. Under surface of a left foot, showing the ' spade ' (a). which makes deep holes in the sand, where it hides during the day, coming out to hunt at night. The very numerous eggs are laid in strings in water, and the tadpoles grow to a disproportionately large size, shrinking greatly when they change into young toads. American representatives of the family are several species of the genus Scaphiophus, one of which (>S'ca- pliiophus solitarius), common from New .Jersey southward in all suitable places, is renowned for the remarkably loud noise it makes when calling in the spring. Other sijecies are found in Mexico. Consult: Gadow, Amphibia and Rep- tiles (London, 1902) ; Abbott. A Xaturalist's l'in)itiles About Home (New York, 1884). SPAETH, spat. Adolph (1839—). A Ger- man-American theolog-ian. born at Esslingen and educated at Tiibingen. In 1864 he came to the United States and for ten years was pastor of a cbureli in Pliiladelphia. He then became profes- sor of New Testament exegesis in the theological seminary of the Lutheran Church at Philadelphia. He published the American edition of Biicher's Hniid-Konkordanz and his own tiautkorner { 1893 ). SPAGNA, spa'nya, Lo (c.l480-e.l.530). A Spanish painter domiciled in Italy, known V-3 Giovanni lo Spagnuolo or Giovanni di Pietro. Although one of the most distinguished pupils of Pietro Perngino, with whom — and with his own fellow pupil Raphael — he has often been confused, little is known of this Raphaelesque painter, save that he was born in Spain, was established in Umbria after 1500, studied under Pintoriccino, and was made head of the Painters' CJuild of Spoleto in 1.517. His chief works are in Assist, Pertigia, Spoleto, and Todi. In the National Gallery in London there is also a fine example, "The Agonj* in the Garden," and at Caen is the "Marriage." long attributed to Raphael, and a "Saint .Jerome." SPAGNOLETTO, spa'nyd-let'tS. Lo. The fa- miliar name of the painter Jusepede Ribera (q.v. ). SPAHIS (Fr. spahi, from Hind., Pers. sipfihi. soldier, horseman, from Per».sipah,supah, army). Native Algerian cavalry, originally formed from the Turkish spahis serving in the eotintry when it was concjuered by the French. The uniform is like that of the Arabs. The natives cannot hold any rank higher than captain. SPAHR, splir. Ch.rles B.RZILLAI ( 1860-1904 ). An American author and journalist, born at Co- lumbus, Ohio. He was educateil at Amherst Col- lege, at Leipzig, and at Columbia University. In 1886 he became an associate editor of The Outlook. His publications include "Essay on the Present Distribution of Wealth in the United States" (1896), in the Library of Economies and Polities, and Ameriea's Working People (1900). SPAIN (Sp. Espana. from Lat. Hispania). A kingdom occupying about six-sevenths of the area of the Iberian peninsula. Lying between latitudes 36° and 44= N. and longitudes 9- 15' V. and 3 J 20' E.. it is bounded by France, the Atlantic (in the north the Bay of Biscay), Por- tugal, and the Mediterranean. At the extreme south the narrow strait of Gibraltar separates ii from Morocco. Its continental area is 192,004 scjuare miles. Including the Canary and Balearic islands and the small possessions on the north and west coasts of Africa, its total area is 194.- 783 square miles. The gorges of the Mii5o(Minho in Portuguese), the Guadiana River, and the caQons of the Duero (Douro) and Tagus (Sp. Tajo) constitvite to ,a great extent a natural demarcation between Spain and Portugal. Topography. The predouiinating natural fea- ture of Spain is the great llierian tableland which occupies the middle and much of the northern portion of the peninsula — a very compact, lofty, and mainly treeless plateau sloping as a whole to the west. The surface of the tableland rises from 1000 to 3000 feet above the sea.' and in its highest part, on the edge of the Iberian Moun- tains, which wall in Castile on the east, it is 3500 to 5000 feet high. This lofty plateau is crossed by many mountain ridges called sierras, the most important of which are the Cas- tilian Mountains in the centre of the king- doiri ( Sierra de Guadarrama and Sierra de CJredos), wdiich diviiie the extensive high plains of Old Castile from those of New Castile. The northern limits of the tableland are the Canta- brian Mountains, the western continuation of the Pvrenees, and the southern limits are the Sierra Morena, which is nothing more than the steep edge of the plateati separating Castile from An- dalusia. The highest mountains of the tableland are those of th9 central region, such as the Plaza Almanzor ( 8730 feet ) in the Sierra de Gredos, and the Pico de Peilalara ( 7890 feet) in the Sierra de Guadarrama ; but these summits rise scarce- ly 5000 feet above the general level of the pla- teau. Some of the depressions between the moun- tain ranges are narrow valleys drained by many