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* SOUTHEY. 375 SOUTHINGTON. of tales which gained for her wide attention; and The Liiilluhiy (1S3G), a poem reciUling Cowper. Khe also oollaboiated with iSouthey on a poem entitled I'uhin Hood (never completed). Soon after her marriage, Soutliey's mind completely broke down, and she passed three miserable years. After his death (1843), she lived in retirement. Consult the interesting Correspondence of Robert Soiitliey with Caroline Bowles, ed. by Uowden (Dublin, ISSl). SOUTHEY, Robert ( 1774-1843 ). An English poet and miscellaneous writer, born August 12, 1774, at liristol, where his father was a linen- draper. JSoutliey passed much of his boyhood with an aunt at Bath, read through her library, containing .Spenser, Sidney, Shakespeare, and many other writers, and tried his own hand at the drama. In 1788 he was sent to Westminster School, from which he was expelled four years later, on account of an essay against flogging. Aided by an uncle living at Lisbon, he entered Balliol College, Oxford (1792), where he re- mained for only two years. He met Coleridge in 1794^; and in conjunction with another friend, Robert Lovell, the}' formed a socialistic scheme, which they called 'pantisocracy.' They were to take wives and emigrate to the banks of the Susquehanna. They all married sisters, but the scheme went no further. After secretly marrying Edith Fricker, at Bristol (November 14, 1795), Southey immediately left to visit his uncle at Li.sbon. On returning (1797) he studied law at Gray's Inn. but soon abandoned the pursuit. He settled with his wife first at Westbury, between Bath and Salisbury, and then at Burton, in Hampshire; and after another trip to Portugal and a short period at Bristol, he joined Coleridge at Keswick in the Lake district (1803). Here at Greta Hall he passed the rest of his life amid his books. Besides the income from his pen, which eventually became large, he received, be- tween 179(1 and 1806, an annuity of £160 from a school friend named Wynn. Its place was soon filled by a Government pension of the same amount, to which was added, in 1835, another pension of £300. In 1813, then as strongly con- servative as he had once been republican, he was appointed poet laureate. In this capacity he wrote The ^isio■H of Judgment (1821), an apotheosis of George III. in hexameter verse. The incident is made memorable by Bvron's brilliant parody under the same title. Southey's wife died in 1837, and two years later he mar- ried Carftline Anne Bowles. His mind was al- ready giving way and soon became a blank. He died at Keswick, Mai-ch 21, 1843, and was buried in the Crosthwaite churchyard. A recumbent statue was placed in the church. When a school- boy Southey formed the plan of a series of nar- rative ])oems on the mythologies of the world. Under the inspiration of this idea, subsequently modified, he wrote a niunber of epics, comprising Joan of Arc (1796): Thalaha, the Destroyer (1801), an Oriental tale; Uadoc (1805); The Curse of Kchama (1810), founded on Hindu legend ; and Roderick, the Last of the Goths ( 1814 ) . Though they contain many noble passages and interesting experiments in versification, they are in the main only rhetorical. His prose is best represented by Letters from England hy Don Manuel Alvarez Espriella (1807), a View of England from the assumed standpoint of a Spanish gentleman; The Doctor (1834-37), containing the nursery classic, '•The Three Bears," the lives of Wesley (1820) and of Nelson (1813); and his delightful letters. Of his other miscellaneous work may be cited History of Brazil (1810-19), part of a contem- plated history of Portugal; History of the Penin- sular War (1823-32); Colloquies on Society (1829), unnecessarily ridiculed by Macaulay; Saval History (1833-40); and a revolutionary drama, Mat Tyler (written in 1794, and surrep- titiously published in 1817). As a conservative in religion and politics Southey sustained many bitter attacks from the leaders of rising liberal- ism. In unflagging literary industry he was one of the most notable figures of his time. His prose, far more than his poetry, is a contribution of permanent value to English letters. Consult: The Life and Correspondence, by his son. Rev. C. C. Southey (London, 1849- 50 ), containing the fragment of an autobiog- raphy; Selections from Southey's Letters, ed. by Warter (ib., 1856) ; •Correspondence ic-ith Caroline Bowles, ed. by Dowden (Dublin, 1881) ;• Dennis, Southey: Story of His Life, an excellent selection from letters (Boston, 1887) ; Southey, a memoir and estimate by Dowden, "English Men of Letters" series, new ed. (New York, 1895) ; and poems with memoir by S. R. Tliompson. in the ''Canterbury Poets" series (London, 1888). SOUTH FORE'LAND. See FoREL.iND, North and South. SOUTH GEORGIA, jor'ja. An island in the South Atlantic Ocean belonging to Great Britain, and situated in latitude 54° 30' S., longitude 37° W., 800 miles east by south of the Falkland Islands (Jlap: World, Western Hemisphere. P 17). Area, about 1600 square miles. The isl- and consists of mountains of Archaean formation from '6000 to 8000 feet high. Several permanent glaciers exist in the deep gorges on the moun- tain slopes, and the climate is damp and chilly. The lower slopes are covered with grass, but the flora is poor. The island is uninhabited. It was discovered in 1075 by Laroche. SOUTH HAD'LEY. A town in Hampshire County, ilass., three miles northeast of Holyoke, on the Connecticut River (Jlap; ilassachu- setts, B 3). It is the seat of Mount Holyoke College (q.v. ) and has a public library. There are manufactures of writing pajier, brick, fertiliz- ers, and lumber product. The government is ad- ministered by town meetings, held annuallv. Population, in 1890, 4261; in 1900, 4526. SOUTH HOL'LAND. A province of the Netherlands, bounded on the north by North Holland, and on the west by the North Sea (Map: Netherlands, C 3). Area, 1106 square miles. Population, in 1899, 1,144,448. more than half of whom lived in the larger cities. The ca])ital and largest city is Rotterdam. The Hague also is in tliis province. SOUTHINGTON, sfiTH'ing-ton. A borough in a town of tlie same name, in Hartford County, Conn., 20 miles south of Hartford : on the New York. New Haven and Hartford Railroad (Map: Connecticut, D 3). It is engaged principally in manufacturing pocket cutlery, general and "car- riage hardware, carriage bolts, tools, and wood screws. Population, in 1900, 3411. Originally a part of Farmington and called Panthorn, South-