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SOUTH DAKOTA. schools. In 1900 there were 96,822 pupils enrolled, of whom 68,000 were in average attendance. There were in that year 1172 male and 3630 female teachers. The average monthly wage received was $33 for the male teacher and $30.25 for the female teacher. The cost of the public schools was $1,598,757, of which $1,026,126 was paid as salaries to teachers and superintendents. The most important source of financial support is the district tax. The State has the advantage of large Congressional land grants, which aggregated 2,823,320 acres. There are three State normal schools located respectively at Madison, Spearfish, and Springfield. Higher education is provided at the State University, situated at Vermillion, and at the following denominational co-educational institutions: Huron College (Presbyterian), at Huron; Dakota University (Methodist Episcopal), at Mitchell; Redfield College (Congregational), at Redfield; and Yankton College (Congregational), at Yankton. There are a school of mines at Rapid City and an agricultural college at Brookings.

. A State insane asylum is situated at Yankton, a school for the deaf at Sioux Falls, an institution for the blind at Gary, and a soldiers' home at Hot Springs. The State penitentiary is at Sioux Falls, and the Reform School at Plankinton.

. The State was formed on the division of Dakota Territory and was admitted to the Union November 3, 1889. (For early history, see .) The convention which met July 4th adopted the ‘Sioux Falls Constitution,’ framed in 1885, with a few necessary changes. A prohibitory amendment was adopted at the first election in October, 1889, but, on account of the ‘original package decision’ of the United States Supreme Court, did not go into effect. The Sioux Indians by treaty ceded large tracts of land, which were opened for settlement in February, 1890. Other reservations were opened in 1892 and 1895.

Child, South Dakota: Resources, People, Statehood (New York, 1888); Hagerty, The State of South Dakota; a Statistical, Historical, and Political Abstract (Aberdeen, S. D., 1889); Beadle, Dakota (Saint Paul, 1889); Finerty, War Path and Bivouac (2d ed., Chicago, 1890); Todd, “Hydrographic History of South Dakota,” in Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. xiii. (Rochester, 1902).  SOUTH DAKOTA,. A co-educational State institution at Vermillion, S. D., organized in 1882. and maintained almost wholly by appropriations of the Legislature. Its endowment consists of 86,000 acres of land, yielding in 1902-03 an income of $5600, the total income of the university being $60,000. The tuition is $6 per semester, except to students who have served in the Spanish War, who are exempted from tuition charges. The university has established a loan fund for the assistance of needy students. Military science and tactics form part of the course. The degrees conferred are those of Bachelor of Arts, Law. Commerce, and Music. The estimated value of the property

under control of the university in 1903 was $300,000, its grounds, buildings, and equipment being valued at $295,000. The institution carries on the State geological survey. The faculty in 1903 numbered 34 and the students 450, distributed as follows: College of Arts and Sciences, 150; Law, 30; Music, 50; Commerce, 40; Engineering, 30; Preparatory, 150. The library contained about 8000 volumes.  SOUTHDOWN. An English breed of sheep, bred for their superior mutton. See.  SOUTH DOWNS. A ridge of hills in England. See under.  SOUTHEND-ON-SEA,. A municipal borough and seaside resort in Essex, England; at the mouth of the Thames. 42 miles east of London (Map:, G 5). It is a popular holiday and residential resort of Londoners. The town owns fine municipal buildings, promenade piers, a concert pavilion, electric street railways, pleasure grounds, and a cemetery, and maintains technical schools, a sanatorium, and an isolation hospital. Population, in 1901, 28,850.  SOUTHERN CROSS. A famous constellation near the South Pole. Of its four principal stars, one, the southernmost, is of the first magnitude; two, the eastern and northern, of the second; and one, the western, of the third. The stars are not arranged very accurately in a cruciform position; and, on the whole, it must be said the constellation is much overrated.  SOUTHERN CROSS,. The highest Brazilian order, founded by Dom Pedro I. in 1822, in commemoration of his accession to the throne. The order has four classes, and until 1889 the members received pensions. The decoration is a white enameled cross of five arms, with a wreath of coffee and tobacco leaves. The effigy of Dom Pedro on the medallion is surrounded by the inscription Petrus I., Brasiliæ Imperator. On the reverse is a cross composed of nineteen stars, with the words Bene Merentium Præmium. The decoration is suspended from a crown and is worn on a blue ribbon.  SOUTHERNE, , (1660-1746). An English playwright. He was born in Ireland, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Entered at the Middle Temple in London, he abandoned law to write for the stage, his first play being The Loyal Brother, or the Persian Prince (1682). His two best known pieces are the tragedies of The Fatal Marriage (1694), which was afterwards revised by Garrick, and Oroonoko, or the Royal Slave (1696), founded on a novel of the time and remarkable as including one of the earliest English condemnations of the slave trade. <section end="Southerne, Thomas" /> <section begin="Southey, Caroline Anne" />SOUTHEY, or , (1786-1854). An English poet, daughter of Capt. Charles Bowles, a retired officer. She was born at Lymington, Hampshire. After the death of her mother (1816) and the loss of her property, she turned to literature. She sent the manuscript of a narrative poem, Ellen Fitzarthur (published 1820), to Robert Southey, who approved of it. A correspondence followed which led to marriage (1839). In the meantime Miss Bowles wrote Tales of the Factories (1823) in verse; Solitary Hours (1826) in verse and prose; Chapters on Churchyards (1829), a group<section end="Southey, Caroline Anne" />