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* SOUTHAMPTON. 363 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. large cattle trade with Spain and Portugal. Its docks include five large dry docks, two tidal basins { IG and IS acres in area), and a closed dock. An average of 11,500 vessels enter, and clear a gross tonnage of 5,441,000 annually. Southampton supplanted the ancient Clau- sentum, which stood one mile to the northeast, and its foundation is ascribed to the Anglo- Saxons. A great part of it was burned by the combined French, Spanish, and Genoese lli-ets in 1338, and in the following year its defenses were strengthened. Population", in 1001, 105,000. Consult Davis, llistuii/ of fiouthnniptoii (South- ampton, 1883). SOUTHAMPTON. Another name for the English county (if Hampshire (q.v.). third Earl of (1573-10-24). An English states- man and the patron of Shakespeare. He was born at Cowdray House, near Midhurst. was edu- cated at Saint John's College, Cambridge, and studied law at Gray's Inn. He was early at- tached to Queen Elizabeth's suite, and received the dedications of various poets, including Shakespeare, who in 1593 addressed to him Venus und Adonis and the following year The Rape of hucrece. Southampton is also supposed by some to be the anonymous patron of Shakespeare's Son- nets. He was a frieiul of the Earl of Essex, whom he accompanied in the expedition to Cadiz and afterwards to Ireland. He took part in Es- sex's insurrection and was attainted and con- demned to death. Eliziibeth commuted the sen- tence to imprisonment for life, and the penalty was reversed by Parliament early in the reign of James I. In 1G05 he became active in the colonization of America, and was Governor of the Virginia Company from 1620 iintil its dis- solution in l(i24. In 1021 he was imprisoned in the Tower for opposing the arbitrary meas- ures of Charles I. After his release he com- manded a regiment for the Dutch against the Spanish, and both he and his son died of fever contracted in the Netherlands. SOUTHAMPTON INSURRECTION. See TURXKR, XaT. SOUTHARD, silTH'erd, Samuel Lewis (1787- 1842). An American legislator and Cabinet of- ficer, born at Basking Ridge, N. J. He graduated at Princeton in 1804, and was admitted to the bar in 1809. In 1811 he settled in Flemington, N. J. From 1814 to 1819 he was a justice of the Supreme Coui't of New Jersey, and in 1821 was elected to the United States Senate. In that body he was in 1821 a member of the joint committee on the Jlissouri Compromise. In 1823 he resigned to become Secretary of the NaAy, and he held this position throighout .J.Q.Adams's administration. In 1830 he was elected Attorney-General of New Jersey and in 1832 Governor. From 1833 until soon before his death, he was again a member of the L'nited States Senate. He attained high rank in the Senate, and was looked upon as one of the most influential Whig leaders in the na- tion. In the 27th Congress (1841-43) until liis resignation he was president pro tempore, and he presided over the body after the death of William Henry Harrison had called Vice- President Tyler to the Presidential chair. He published Reports of the Snjrreme Court of New Jersey 1816-20 (1820); Cenfenninl Address (1832) ; and Discourse on William Wirt (1834). Vol. xvm.— 24. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. A State of the Com- uiunuealth uf Au>tralia occupying the central part of the continent, and bounded on tlic north by the Timor and Arafura Seas, east by IJueens- land. New South Wales, and Victoria, south by the Indian Ocean (Great Australian Bight), and west by Western Australia ( Map : Australia, F 5). It crosses the continent from the north to the south coast in a band for the most part 550 to 700 miles wide, with a length of 1850 miles. Its area is 903,090 square miles. It is divided into South Australia proper and the Northern Territory, the latter having au area of 523,020 square miles. Physical Features. The State lias no sharply differentiated geographical divisions. It is, as a whole, a vast plain of no great elevation, in some jilaces lying even at or below sea-level. A mountain range but slightly exceeding 3000 feet in its highest summits nuis north from Cai)e Jervis, near Adelaide, and minor ranges or iso- lated hills are found in the interior and north- ern portions, becoming quite rugged, though not high, in the extreme north. The State has practically no drainage system. The Murray enters the southeastern corner, but from its mouth in Encounter Bay to the western boundary not a single river reaches the ocean. In the in- terior there are a number of river courses, which are dry for a great part of the year, and even in the wet season are lost in marshes or salt lakes. The extreme northern portion, however, is comparatively well watered. In the great de- pression north of Spencer Gulf there are a num- ber of large lakes, several of them being 100 miles in length. They are brackish and shallow, being reduced during the dry season to marshes or mud-flats covered with salt crusts. Climate, Soil, axd Flora. Considering the fact that the State has a range of nearly 27 de- grees of latitude, its climate is renuukal)ly uni- form. It is in general very hot and dry; the temperature even on the south coast may remain at 110° or 115° for several days at a time. The annual rainfall in the southea.st, at .delaide, is about 24 inches, but maj' in some years fall to 15 inches. In the interior it is always very scanty, but on the north coast it is more abundant, some- times reaching <iO to 70 inches. Rain is generally confined to the winter, which is mild and pleas- ant. There are considerable areas of good agri- cultural and pastural land in the south. The in- terior consists largely of treeless plains, in some parts absolutely barren, stony or sandy, or cov- ered with a dry scrub, but here and there produc- ing good pasture grass during the wet season. Large areas are covered with spiny grass unfit for pasture. Trees are found only near the mountains or larger river courses, but the hilly region east of the southern range is well tim- bered. The flora is not so rich as that of the eastern States. The main timber trees are Eucalyptus and Acacia, with some pines, while Pandanus and palms are foimd in the north. Geology. The greater part of the surface is covered with recent fornnitions. Cretaceous in the east, but in the main Tertiar'. There are, however, numerous outcrops and som*' extensive areas of ancient rocks. Thus the mountain region from Spencer Gulf northward consists mainly of Silurian strata. Granite crops out in numerous places in the mountains of the interior, and the extreme northern portion, between the Roper and
 * SOUTHAMPTON, Henry Wriothesley,