Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/408

* SOUL. 354 SOULT. cerned. Spinoza sought to obtain a unity of the two (thought and extension) and t'ormuhited the conception of an underlying soul-substance which, as God., difl'erentiates itself in infinite and eter- nal modes or attributes which are characterized under the categories of thought and extension. Thus body and soxil are ultimate realities of one and the same substance, the ever-changing coun- terparts of each other, and yet the modes of one infinite reality. Leibnitz, not satisfied with the pantheism of Spinoza, sought, in his theory of atoms or monads, to retain the rights of finite personality and things and yet to a'oid the crude dualism of Descartes. All things have souls according to Leibnitz; the world consists of an infinite nimiber of them, in all degrees of perfection. If we ask for the nature of their life, inner experience reveals to us an active, real force, namely, our souls, and this is the type of all substance; so that in the world both kinds of reality, thought and extension, consist of perceiving soul-life. With this view may be compared that of Berkeley, who carried idealism to its extreme expression in his dictum that the being of things is in their being perceived (esse = percipi). The Empiricists, Hobbes, Locke, Hume, and Jlill, developed their views of the soul along the lines laid down hj Bacon. Hobbes is openly materialistic; but he is offset by the cautious psychologv- of Locke, who finds that inner feel- ing undoubtedly gives us the consciousness of self, though not the sulxstance which underlies it, which is an unknown quantity whose real ex- istence we can neither dogmatically affirm nor deny. These ideas Hume carried to their logical conclusion by denying any existence to the soul as a real or permanent subject: the only reality we know is the phenomenal stream of impres- sions and ideas. It was the merit of this analy- sis of Hume that it finally woke up Kant, whose views have greatly influenced recent thought. By an analysis of the human reason Kant sought to show that the real significance of the soul con- sists in the moral or practical activity, which an accurate knowledge of the laws of thouglit could do nothing successful to overthrow. If the sys- tem of Kant caused a theoretical schism be- tween the reason as the knowing activity and the will as the moral activity, the reflections of Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel, together with the labors of the modern school of psychology, have done much to heal the breach. On the whole, therefore, we may say that the hypothesis of a soul seems to be demanded both as a ground of the unity of self-consciousness and also of the universe. It seems, moreover, to be justified, with sufficient reason, as the real principle of the harmony of the subjective and the objective. It seems also to be required as the subject of the changing states of thought, feeling, and voli- tion, revealed in the phenomena of conscious- ness. SOTJLE, soSl, GiDEO.x Lane (1796-1879). An American educator, born at Freeport, Me. He studied at Phillips Exeter Academy from 1813 to 1816, and then entered Bowdoin College, where he graduated in 1818. Xearly all of the re- mainder of his life was passed at Exeter as teacher and principal. This latter office he held from 1838 until within three years of his death. The school under his inanagement took a high rank among American fitting schools. Consult an article in the Unitariuii Review, vol. xii. (1S79I. SOULE, Joshua (1781-1SG7). A bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, born at Bristol, Me. He began to preach at the age of seventeen, and was admitted to the New England Conference in 1799. He was elected book agent in 1816, and during his incumbency founded and edited the Methodist Magazine, since developed into the Methodist Hcricw. He became bishop in 1824. When the Church divided in 1845 he adhered to the Southern section and continued in the bishopric. SOULE, soo'lfi', PiERBE (1802-70). A French- American statesman, born at Castillon, France. He was trained for the priesthood at Toulouse, and afterwards studied at Bordeaux. He was in- volved in a conspiracy against the Bourbons in 1817, and for some time took refuge in Beam. Later he was permitted to return to France, but in 1825 was sentenced to imprisonment for arti- cles in a radical newspaper reflecting on the min- istry. He escaped and settled in New Orleans. There he was admitted to the bar. In 1847 he was appointed to the United States Senate to fill a vacancy, and was elected for the full terra in 1849. He represented extreme Southern views, and was prominent in the debates on the com- promise measures of 1850. President Pierce ap- pointed him Minister to Spain in 1853. At Ma- • drid he became notorious for fighting several duels, one with Turgot, the French Ambassador. He favored the insurrection in Madrid in 1854 and united with Buchanan and Mason in the Os- tend Manifesto (q.v. ) of October of the same year relating to the annexation of Cuba. He returned to the United States in 1855. He at first opposed the secession of Louisiana, but afterwards joined the secessionists, and was arrested in 1862 for disloyalty and imprisoned. He was released on condition of leaving the country, but ran the blockade at Charleston, and for a short time served on the staff of General Beauregard. In 1863 he went to Havana, but after the close of the war he returned to New Orleans, where he died. SOULIE, soo'lya', JIelchior FRfotKic (1800- 47). A French dramatist and novelist, born at Foix. He was expelled from the law school in Paris on account of hi.s radicalism. In 1824 he published a voliune of poems, Amours francais, and in 1828 his drama Romeo et Juliette was pro- duced at the Odi'on. In 1832 his play Clotilde was performed, and this was followed by several other successful pieces, the best known of which is perhaps La closerie des rjciiets (1846). Among his many novels may be cited especially his first. Les deux cadavres (1832). Memoires du diable (1837-38), Le maitre d'fcole (1839), EulaJie Pontois (1842), and Baturnin Fichet (1847-48). Consult Champion, F. Soitlii, sa vie, scs otivrafirs (Paris. 1847). SOTJLOUQUE, soo'look'. Emperor of Haiti. See FAt'STiN I. SOTTLT, soolt. Nicolas .Jean de Dieu, Duke of Dalniatia ( 1769-1851 ). A French marshal. He was born at Saint-Anians-la-Bastide, Department of Tarn. He entered the army as a private in 17S5. rose by his soldierly qualities, and in 1794 was made a general of brigade for his conduct at